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The Chromospheric Energy Balance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2015

J. H. Piddington
J. H. Piddington*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Division of Physics, National Standards Laboratory, Sydney, Australia 2008

Abstract

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The problem of the solar atmospheric heat and energy balances is here divided into three sections.

  1. (i) Basically the problem is an outward temperature gradient involving additional radiation losses whose estimate involves a model atmosphere. Proposed models described are based on optical and radio emissions together with various theoretical considerations such as thermal conductivity. The models are useful in providing estimates of the required flux of mechanical energy from below. However, they are limited by the use of averaging processes, and the failure to take full account of the many structural features which make up the chromosphere.

  2. (ii) It has long been accepted that the main energy input is by acoustic waves generated in the ‘small-bubble’ Vitense model convection zone. We review recent observations of chromospheric magnetic and velocity fields and their interpretation which strongly suggest that this model is not valid and that the acoustic theory of heating is without basis. At the same time the new data remove the objections of Osterbrock and others to a theory of heating based on Alfvén and/or slow-mode hydromagnetic waves.

  3. (iii) Observations of a variety of individual magnetic-plasma chromospheric structures, together with the adoption of heating by waves which follow the field lines, suggest a new approach to the whole problem of the heat balance. We discuss the heating problem in a number of these magnetic-plasma structures including the emission network, spicules and related disk features, arch filament systems and flares.

Type
Part VII: Energy Balance, Heat Transfer and Heating Mechanisms in Chromospheric Fine Structures
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 56: Chromospheric Fine Structure , 1974 , pp. 269 - 291
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1974 

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