Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-26wn4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-14T12:03:32.653Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

FUNDAMENTAL AND GRADIENT DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2009

Julia Herschensohn
Julia Herschensohn*
Affiliation:
University of Washington
*
*Address correspondence to: Julia Herschensohn, University of Washington, Department of Linguistics, Box 354340, Seattle, WA 98195-4340; e-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article reexamines Bley-Vroman’s original (1990) and evolved (this issue) fundamental difference hypothesis that argues that differences in path and endstate of first language acquisition and adult foreign language learning result from differences in the acquisition procedure (i.e., language faculty and cognitive strategies, respectively). The evolved assessment of the theoretical and empirical developments of the past 20 years is taken into account with respect to Universal Grammar and parameters in generative theory and with respect to cognition and acquisition in data processing. This article supports the spirit of Bley-Vroman’s proposals in light of the discussion of three topics: pathway of acquisition, endstate age of acquisition effects, and language processing by monolinguals and bilinguals. I argue that the difference between child and adult language acquisition is, above all, quantitative not qualitative, a gradient continuum rather than a precipitous break.

Type
Research Articles
Information
Studies in Second Language Acquisition , Volume 31 , Special Issue 2: THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS TWENTY YEARS LATER , June 2009 , pp. 259 - 289
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Archibald, J. (1993). Language learnability and L2 phonology: The acquisition of metrical parameters. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Asher, J., & Garcia, R. (1982). The optimal age to learn a foreign language. In Krashen, S., Scarcella, R., & Long, M. H. (Eds.), Child-adult differences in second language acquisition (pp. 3–12). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Baker, C. L., & McCarthy, J. J. (Eds). (1981). The logical problem of language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Banich, M., & Mack, M. (Eds.). (2003). Mind, brain and language: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Belletti, A., & Hamann, C. (2004). On the L2/bilingual acquisition of French by two young children with different source languages. In Prévost, P. & Paradis, J. (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 147–174). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. (1997). The structure of age: In search of barriers to second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 13, 116–137.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Birdsong, D. (Ed.). (1999). Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Birdsong, D. (2006). Age and second language acquisition and processing: A selective overview. Language Learning, 56, 9–49.Google Scholar
Birdsong, D., & Molis, M. (2001). On the evidence for maturational constraints in second language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 235–249.Google Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R. (1990). The logical problem of foreign language learning. Linguistic Analysis, 20, 3–49.Google Scholar
Bloom, P. (2002). How children learn the meanings of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Boysson-Bardies, B. de. (1999). How language comes to children. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Carreiras, M., & Clifton, C. Jr. (Eds.). (2004). The online study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP and beyond. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, S. E. (2001). Input and evidence: The raw material of second language acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (2001). Derivation by phase. In Kenstowicz, M. (Ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language (pp. 1–52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (2004). Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Belletti, A. (Ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures (Vol. 3, pp. 104–131). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006a). Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 3–42.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006b). How native-like is non-native language processing? Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, 564–570.Google Scholar
Conradie, S. (2005). Verb movement parameters in Afrikaans: Investigating the full transfer full access hypothesis. Montreal: McGill Working Papers in Linguistics.Google Scholar
Conradie, S. (2006). Investigating the acquisition of the split-IP parameter and the V2 parameter in second language Afrikaans. Second Language Research, 22, 64–94.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. (1994). Segmentation problems, rhythmic solutions. In Gleitman, L. R. & Landau, B. (Eds.), The acquisition of the lexicon (pp. 81–104). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cutler, A., Mehler, J., Norris, D., & Segui, J. (1992). The monolingual nature of speech segmentation of bilinguals. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 381–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeKeyser, R. (2000). The robustness of critical period effects in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, 499–533.Google Scholar
Dekydtspotter, L., Sprouse, R. A., & Anderson, B. (1997). The interpretive interface in L2 acquisition: The process-result distinction in English-French interlanguage grammars. Language Acquisition, 6, 297–332.Google Scholar
Doughty, C. J., & Long, M. H. (Eds.). (2003). The handbook of second language acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dussias, P. E. (2003). Syntactic ambiguity resolution in L2 learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 529–557.Google Scholar
Dussias, P. E. (2004). Parsing a first language like a second: The erosion of L1 parsing strategies in Spanish-English bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8, 355–371.Google Scholar
Eimas, P. D., Siqueland, E. R., Jusczyk, P., & Vigorito, J. (2004). Speech perception in infants. In Lust, B. & Foley, C. (Eds.), First language acquisition: The essential readings (pp. 279–284). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fernández, E. M. (1999). Processing strategies in second language acquisition: Some preliminary results. In Klein, E. C. & Martohardjono, G. (Eds.), The development of second language grammars: A generative approach (pp. 217–240). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Fernández, E. M. (2002). Relative clause attachment in bilinguals and monolinguals. In Heredia, R. R. & Altarriba, J. (Eds.), Bilingual sentence processing (pp. 187–216). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1987a). A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign languages? Applied Linguistics, 8, 162–177.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1987b). The production of ‘new’ and ‘similar’ phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15, 47–65.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E., & Liu, S. (2001). The effect of experience on adults’ acquisition of a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 527–552.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E., & MacKay, I. (2004). Perceiving vowels in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 1–34.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E., Munro, M. J., & MacKay, I. (1995). Factors affecting degree of perceived foreign accent in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 3125–3134.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 78–104.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1983). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (2001). The mind doesn’t work that way. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Foucart, A. (2007). Grammatical gender processing in French as a first and as a second language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Université Aix-Marseille I, France, and University of Edinburgh, Scotland.Google Scholar
Foucart, A., & Frenck-Mestre, C. (2005). ERP study of grammatical gender in second language. Unpublished manuscript, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France.Google Scholar
Friederici, A. D. (2002). Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 78–84.Google Scholar
Friederici, A. D. (2004). The neural basis of syntactic processes. In Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed., pp. 789–801). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Galaburda, A., Kosslyn, S. M., & Christen, Y. (Eds.). (2002). The languages of the brain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.). (2000). The cognitive neurosciences (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.). (2004). The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Genesee, F., Paradis, J., & Crago, M. B. (2006). Dual language development and disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning. Baltimore: Paul Brookes.Google Scholar
Guasti, M. T. (1993/1994). Verb syntax in Italian child grammar: Finite and non-finite verbs. Language Acquisition, 3, 1–40.Google Scholar
Guasti, M. T. (2002). Language acquisition: The growth of grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Guillelmon, D., & Grosjean, F. (2001). The gender marking effect in spoken word recognition: The case of bilinguals. Memory and Cognition, 29, 503–511.Google Scholar
Hahne, A. (2001). What’s different in second language processing? Evidence from event related brain potentials. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 251–266.Google Scholar
Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in syntactic analysis: Early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 193–204.Google Scholar
Hahne, A., & Friederici, A. D. (2001). Processing a second language: Late learners’ comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event related brain potentials. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 123–142.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, M., Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (2002). An fMRI study of bilingual sentence comprehension and workload. Neuroimage, 15, 647–660.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R. (2001). Second language syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R., & Franceschina, F. (2004). Explaining the acquisition and non-acquisition of determiner-noun gender concord in French and Spanish. In Prévost, P. & Paradis, J. (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 175–206). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Haznedar, B. (2001). The acquisition of the IP system in child L2 English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 1–39.Google Scholar
Haznedar, B. (2003). The status of functional categories in child second language acquisition: Evidence from the acquisition of CP. Second Language Research, 19, 1–41.Google Scholar
Herschensohn, J. (2000). The second time around: Minimalism and L2 acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Herschensohn, J. (2001). Missing inflection in L2 French: Accidental infinitives and other verbal deficits. Second Language Research, 17, 273–305.Google Scholar
Herschensohn, J. (2007). Language development and age. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herschensohn, J., Stevenson, J., & Waltmunson, J. (2005). Children’s acquisition of L2 Spanish morphosyntax in an immersion setting. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 43, 193–217.Google Scholar
Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (1996). The origins of grammar: Evidence from early language comprehension. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hopp, H. (2007). Ultimate attainment at the interfaces in second language acquisition: Grammar and processing. Groningen, The Netherlands: Grodil Press.Google Scholar
Hulk, A. (2004). The acquisition of French DP in a bilingual context. In Prévost, P. & Paradis, J. (Eds.), The acquisition of French in different contexts (pp. 243–274). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hulk, A., & Cornips, L. (2006). Neuter gender and interface vulnerability in child L2/2L1 Dutch. In Unsworth, S., Parodi, T., Sorace, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (Eds.), Paths of development in L1 and L2 acquisition: In honor of Bonnie D. Schwartz (pp. 107–134). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N. (2000). Who can become native-like in a second language? All, some or none? On the maturational constraints controversy in SLA. Studia Linguistica, 54, 150–166.Google Scholar
Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N. (2003). Maturational constraints in SLA. In Doughty, C. J. & Long, M. H. (Eds.), The handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 539–588). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ioup, G., & Weinberger, S. (Eds.). (1987). Interlanguage phonology: The acquisition of a second language sound system. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Jia, G., Aaronson, D., & Wu, Y. (2002). Long-term attainment of bilingual immigrants: Predictive variables and language group differences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23, 599–621.Google Scholar
Johnson, J., & Newport, E. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 60–99.Google Scholar
Klein, W., & Perdue, C. (1997). The basic variety (or: Couldn’t natural languages be much simpler?). Second Language Research, 13, 301–347.Google Scholar
Köpke, B., Schmid, M. S., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.). (2007). Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. (2000). Language, mind, brain: Experience alters perception. In Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (2nd ed., pp. 99–115). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. (2004). Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 831–843.Google Scholar
Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lleó, C. (2001). Determining the acquisition of determiners: On the innateness of functional categories. In Herschensohn, J., Mallén, E., & Zagona, K. (Eds.), Features and interfaces in Romance: Essays in honor of Heles Contreras (pp. 189–202). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Major, R. C. (1987). A model for interlanguage phonology. In Ioup, G. & Weinberger, S. (Eds.), Interlanguage phonology: The acquisition of a second language sound system (pp. 101–125). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J. (2004). Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing. Brain and Language, 86, 70–82.Google Scholar
Mayberry, R. I. (1993). First-language acquisition after childhood differs from second-language acquisition: The case of American Sign Language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1258–1270.Google Scholar
McDonald, J. L. (2000). Grammaticality judgments in a second language: Influences of age of acquisition and native language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21, 395–423.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, J., Osterhout, L., & Kim, A. (2004). Neural correlates of second-language word learning: Minimal instruction produces rapid change. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 703–704.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. (Ed.). (1994). Bilingual first language acquisition: French and German grammatical development. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. (1997). The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and German: Contrasting first and second language development. Second Language Research, 13, 227–264.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. (2004). The bilingual child. In Bhatia, T. K. & Ritchie, W. C. (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism (pp. 91–113). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. (2008). Child second language acquisition or successive first language acquisition? In Haznedar, B. & Gavruseva, E. (Eds.), Current trends in child second language acquisition: A generative perspective (pp. 55–80). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Montrul, S. (2008). Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: Re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Newport, E. (1994). Maturational constraints on language learning. In Bloom, P. (Ed.), Language acquisition: Core readings (pp. 543–560). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., & Bersick, M. (1997). Event-related brain potentials and human language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 203–209.Google Scholar
Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Kim, A., Greenwald, R., & Inoue, K. (2004). Sentences in the brain: Event-related potentials as real-time reflections of sentence comprehension and language learning. In Carreiras, M. & Clifton, C. Jr. (Eds.), The on-line study of sentence comprehension (pp. 271–308). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Osterhout, L., McLaughlin, J., Pitkänen, I., Frenck-Mestre, C., & Molinaro, N. (2006). Novice learners, longitudinal designs and event-related potentials: A paradigm for exploring the neurocognition of second-language processing. Language Learning, 56, 199–230.Google Scholar
Pallier, C. (2007). Critical periods in language acquisition and language attrition. In Köpke, B., Schmid, M. S., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.), Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 155–168). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Pallier, C., Dehaene, S., Poline, J.-B., LeBihan, D., Argenti, A. M., Dupoux, E., et al. (2003). Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: Can a second language replace the first? Cerebral Cortex, 13, 155–161.Google Scholar
Papadopoulou, D., & Clahsen, H. (2003). Parsing strategies in L1 and L2 sentence processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 501–528.Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Paradis, M. (2007). L1 attrition features predicted by a neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. In Köpke, B., Schmid, M. S., Keijzer, M., & Dostert, S. (Eds.), Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 121–133). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2005). The neural basis of first and second language processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 202–206.Google Scholar
Pierce, A. (1992). Language acquisition and syntactic theory: A comparative analysis of French and English child grammars. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Piske, T., MacKay, I. R. A., & Flege, J. E. (2001). Factors affecting degree of foreign accent in an L2. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 191–215.Google Scholar
Pollock, J.-Y. (1989). Verb movement, Universal Grammar and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 365–424.Google Scholar
Prévost, P. (2003). Truncation and missing inflection in initial child L2 German. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 65–97.Google Scholar
Prévost, P., & White, L. (2000). Missing surface inflection or impairment in second language acquisition? Evidence from tense and agreement. Second Language Research, 16, 103–134.Google Scholar
Pullum, G. K., & Scholz, B. C. (2002). Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments. The Linguistic Review, 19, 9–50.Google Scholar
Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic theory and the acquisition of English syntax: The nature of early child grammars of English. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sagarra, N., & Herschensohn, J. (2008). Processing gender in L2 Spanish. In Chan, H., Jacob, H., & Kapia, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 427–437). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. D. (1992). Testing between UG-based and problem-solving models of L2 acquisition: Developmental sequence data. Language Acquisition, 2, 1–19.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. D. (2003). Child L2 acquisition: Paving the way. In Beachley, B., Brown, A., & Conlin, F. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 26–50). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. D., & Sprouse, R. A. (1996). L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research, 12, 40–72.Google Scholar
Scovel, T. (1988). A time to speak: A psycholinguistic inquiry into the critical period for human speech. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Shapiro, K., & Caramazza, A. (2004). The organization of lexical knowledge in the brain: The grammatical dimension. In Gazzaniga, M. S. (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (3rd ed., pp. 803–814). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Singleton, D. (1989). Language acquisition: The age factor. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Singleton, D., & Ryan, L. (2004). Language acquisition: The age factor (2nd ed.). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Sorace, A., & Filiaci, F. (2006). Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian. Second Language Research, 22, 339–368.Google Scholar
Stowe, L. A., Haverkort, M., & Zwarts, F. (2005). Rethinking the neurological basis of language. Lingua, 115, 997–1042.Google Scholar
Strozer, J. (1994). Language acquisition after puberty. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Tsimpli, M.-I., & Roussou, A. (1991). Parameter resetting in L2? University College London Working Papers in Linguistics, 3, 149–169.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T. (2001a). The declarative/procedural model of lexicon and grammar. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 37–69.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T. (2001b). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: The declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 105–122.Google Scholar
Unsworth, S. (2002). Young (and older) L2 learners and Dutch scrambling. In Cazzoli-Goeta, M. S., Pourcel, S., & Van Espen, L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Durham Postgraduate Conference in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (pp. 205–214). School of Linguistics and Language, University of Durham, UK.Google Scholar
Unsworth, S. (2005). Child L2, adult L2, child L1: Differences and similarities—A study on the acquisition of direct object scrambling in Dutch. Utrecht, The Netherlands: LOT.Google Scholar
Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (1996). Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research, 12, 7–39.Google Scholar
Vainikka, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (2006). The roots of syntax and how they grow: Organic grammar, the basic variety and processability theory. In Unsworth, S., Parodi, T., Sorace, A., & Young-Scholten, M. (Eds.), Paths of development in L1 and L2 acquisition: In honor of Bonnie D. Schwartz (pp. 77–106). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Wartenburger, I., Heekeren, H. R., Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., Villringer, A., & Perani, D. (2003). Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron, 37, 159–170.Google Scholar
Weerman, F. (2002). Dynamiek in taal en de explosie van de Neerlandistiek [Dynamics in language and the explosion of Dutch]. Inaugural professorial lecture at the University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
White, L. (2003). Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wong-Fillmore, L. (1991). When learning a second language means losing the first. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 6, 323–346.Google Scholar
Zatorre, R. J. (2003). Functional and structural imaging in the study of auditory language processes. In Banich, M. & Mack, M. (Eds.), Mind, brain and language: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 211–227). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar