¹ Inderwick, F. A., The Interregnum (1891) p 117.Google Scholar

² Creighton, Bishop, Persécution and Tolerance (1895) e.g. pp 114–6, 124, 139Google Scholar; Figgis, J. N., ‘Toleration’, in Ollard, S. L. and Cross, G. eds A Dictionary of English Church History (1912) p 600.Google Scholar

³ Jordan, [W. K.], The Development of Religious Toleration [In England (4 vols 1932–40)]Google Scholar. The work covered the period 1558–1660. Jordan’s philosophy can be discerned in the prefaces to (and on the dust-jackets of) his four volumes, and on pp 17, 30, 41, 350 of the first of them.

⁴ Gardiner, [S. R.], The First Two Stuarts [and the Puritan Revolution (1878)] p 136 Google Scholar. Gardiner’s views on liberty are boldly presented in that volume.

⁵ E.g. Gardiner, [S. R.] ed, Constitutional Documents [of the Puritan Revolution (1889)] p 219 Google Scholar; Haller, William, Liberty and Reformation in the Puritan Revolution (New York, 1963 repr) p 130 Google Scholar; Worden, [Blair], The Rump Parliament [1648-1653 (Cambridge 1974)] p 214.Google Scholar

⁶ Fowler, Christopher, Daemonium Meridianum. Satan at Noon (1655) p 167 Google Scholar.

⁷ Cawdrey, Daniel, Sathan Discovered (1657) p 22.Google Scholar

⁸ T. Edwards, Gangraena (1646) p 145.

⁹ See e.g. the Westminster Assembly’s Articles of Christian Religion (1648: a document approved by Parliament) pp 32–3; William Strong (Independent minister), A Treatise Showing the Subordination of the Will of Man unto the Will of Cod (1657), preface and pp 45–6.

¹⁰ Vines, Richard, Obedience to Magistrates … in Three Sermons (1655) second sermon p 12 Google Scholar; cf. e.g. the almost identical words of William Gurnall, The Magistrate’s Portraiture (1656) p 10, and Philip Skippon’s remark in [J. T. Rutt ed The]Diary of Thomas Burton [(4 vols 1828)] 1 p 50.

¹¹ Of course, the two cannot be so easily separated. But damage seems to me to have been done by the supposition that theological statements can be read as if they were merely the seventeenth-century’s way of talking about the twentieth-century’s sociological concerns. It is worthwhile, for example, to sit down with Thomas Edwards’s book Gangraena and to ask how many anachronistic assumptions, and how much circular reasoning, we must deploy before we can agree with H. N. Brailsford, who wrote that the passage (on p 156) in which Edwards claims that toleration would put an end to the ‘command of wives, children, servants’ is ‘more significant than the whole of the rest of his book’: Brailsford, The Levellers and the English Revolution ed C. Hill (London 1961), p 42. It is fair to add that Brailsford’s chapter on toleration makes perceptive points about Cromwellian policy.

¹² Goodwin, John, in Haller, William ed Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution (3 vols Columbia 1934) 3 p 42 Google Scholar.

¹³ Humble Advice: or the Heads of those Things which were offered to many Members of Parliament by Mr Richard Baxter (1655) p 2. Cf. e.g. [William] Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus (1658) preface.

¹⁴ A Testimony to the Truth of Jesus Christ (1647) p 23. These sentiments can be widely found in the 1650s.

¹⁵ For some eloquent complaints against this process expressed during the Protectorate, see Baxter, Richard, True Christianity (1655) preface and p 204 Google Scholar; Reynolds, Edward, The Peace of Jerusalem (1657) p 34 Google Scholar; Marshall, Stephen and Firmin, Giles, The Power of the Civil Magistrate in Matters of Religion, Vindicated (1657) pp 20, 23–4Google Scholar; Calamy, Edmund,A Patterne for All (1658) pp 16–17 Google Scholar. It is easy to forget the most obvious characteristic of puritans: their anxiety about their salvation. For an es pecially vivid illustration of the widespread and educated nature of this concern, see Truth’s Conflict with Error, or, Universal Redemption Controverted in Three Publike Disputations (1650).

¹⁶ Gardiner, First Two Stuarts pp 5–6, 65, 125–6, 135–6; Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 2 pp 205, 280; H. R. Trevor-Roper, ‘The Religious Origins of the Enlightenment’, in his Religion, The Reformation and Social Change (1967) pp 193–236. Trevor-Roper’s remarkable essay is much more subtle than the discussions by earlier writers (Buckle and Lecky among them) who connected Arminianism with the rise of toleration. Recently there have been attempts to portray puritanism as an intellectually liberalising force which effectively challenged Arminian intolerance. The more traditional view appears to receive support from the frequency with which advocates of religious liberty after 1660 appealed to the authority of Arminians earlier in the century: e.g. Andrew Marvell, The Rehearsal Transpros’d ed D. I. B. Smith (Oxford 1971) pp 20, 79, 325; Henry Stubbe, A Further Justification of the Present War (1673), ‘Apology’ p 58; Stubbe, An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism ed H. M. K. Shairani (1911) p 12; The Select Works of William Penn (3 vols 1825) 2 pp 156–7; 3 pp 47, 66–7, 84, 117, 163–4; T. E. S. Clarke and H. C. Foxcroft eds A Life of Gilbert Burnet 2 (Cambridge 1907) pp 323, 365; The Great Case of Toleration Stated (1688) pp 4–5; The Faith of One God (1691) p 3; A. A. Seaton, The Theory of Toleration under the Later Stuarts (Cambridge: 1911) pp 271–2. The appeal to earlier Arminian authorities after 1660 may have owed a little, but probably not much, to political tact. The Arminian Jeremy Taylor was regarded as an established authority on religious liberty in the 1650s: e.g. John Reading, Anabaptism Routed (1655); Cawdrey, Sathan Discovered, pp 11 seq; Stubbe, An Essay in Defence of the Good Old Cause (1659) p 42; Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration in England 3 p 505.

¹⁷ The historian of Hell is D. P. Walker, The Decline of Hell (Chicago 1964): the historian of the millennium is William Lamont, who has explored both the impact and the decline of millenarianism in a number of works.

¹⁸ [William H. Goold ed The] Works of John Owen [(16 vols Banner of Truth Trust repr Edinburgh 1965–8)] 7 pp 28–9; 14 p 346.

¹⁹ It can be studied in H. J. McLachlan, Socinianism in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford 1951) and in McLachlan’s The Religious Opinions of Milton, Locke and Newton (Manchester 1941). The broader intellectual significance of Socinianism is discussed by Trevor-Roper, “The Religious Origins of the Enlightenment’; and there is a helpful account by Maurice Kelley in his introduction to The Complete Prose Works of John Milton (8 vols Yale 1953–83) 6 pp 47–73. Too much has been made of Owen’s warning (Works of John Owen 12 p 52) that ‘there is not a city, a town, scarce a village, in England, wherein some of this poison is not poured forth’: Owen was evidently referring to a general Arminian malaise of which anti-trinitarianism was merely one symptom (cf Ibid 10 p 156, 16 p 16). It is true, however, that such evidence as we have of the existence of Socinian congregations suggests that there may have been others which have left no record. See too Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971) p 136.

²⁰ Works of John Owen 12 p 28; Weekly Intelligencer 25 June-3 July 1655.

²¹ Cf. Two Utters of Mr Iohn Biddle (1655) pp 2–6; Biddle, A Twofold Catechism (1655) preface.

²² Journal of the House of Commons 21 December 1654; Several Proceedings in Parliament 21–28 December 1654.

²³ Gott, An Essay of the true Happiness of Man (1650) p 267.

²⁴ Cal SPD 1654 p 3.

²⁵ Works of John Owen 12 p 41.

²⁶ Ibid 12 pp 12, 48, 61–2; 14 p 277.

²⁷ Ibid 7 pp 5–6; 15 p 76.

²⁸ Ibid 7 pp 383, 423.

²⁹ That Independents, while they often pleaded for liberty for other groups, were not committed to the principle, became evident at those moments when, as in their Apologeticall Narration of 1644 and in the Savoy Declaration of 1658, they sought to make common cause with the Presbyterians against the sects. Owen’s priorities are evident from his statement of 1649 that the problem of toleration could not be solved until Independency had been ‘rightly established’ in England, and ‘the precious distinguished from the vile’ (Works of John Owen 8 p 203). Jordan points out that most Independent pleas for religious liberty were made before 1649, when the Congregationalists were more often frightened by Presbyterian (or Anglican) intolerance than by the sects (Development of Religious Toleration 3 p 437).

³⁰ The religious positions of Robinson and Parker are extensively studied in W. K. Jordan, Men of Substance (Chicago 1942).

³¹ Taylor, The Liberty of Prophesying (1647) p 163.

³² Works of John Owen 8 p 60.

³³ Ibid 8 pp 62, 167, 195; cf. J. C. Davis, ‘The Levellers and Christianity’, in Brian Manning ed Politics, Religion and the English Civil War (1973) p 228.

³⁴ For the exchanges between them, see e.g. Ralph Cudworth, A Sermon preached before the House of Commons March 31, 1647 (1647) and John Goodwin, Redemption Redeemed (1651) ep ded.

³⁵ Sterry, The Way of God with his People (1656) pp 14, 28 seq. Sterry had been a client of that influential Platonist advocate of religious liberty, Lord Brooke.

³⁶ Nuttall, Geoffrey F., The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience (Oxford 1946)Google Scholar.

³⁷ Diary of Thomas Burton 1 p 69; cf also pp 76, 86.

³⁸ They did, however, think that dissenters could be ‘required to attend upon the ministry and dispensation of the Gospel, that they may not presumptuously exempt and deprive themselves of the means of grace and salvation’ (Reynolds, The Peace of Jerusalem p 33; cf Marshall and Firmin, The Power of the Civil Magistrate p 7, and George Petter, A brief and solid Exercitation concerning the Coercive Power of the Magistrate in Matters of Religion (Thomason Tracts, E 885(12)) pp 41–2). For the individual’s stewardship of his soul, see e.g. Works of John Owen 14 p 312, and Davis, ‘The Levellers and Christianity’.

³⁹ Matthews, A. G. ed The Savoy Declaration of Faith and Order 1658, p 161 Google Scholar; cf e.g. Works of John Owen 13 p 557; Richard Baxter, The Saints’ Everlasting Rest ed William Young (1907) pp 143–4.

⁴⁰ An Apologeticall Narration, humbly submitted to Parliament. By Tho. Goodwin, Philip Nye, Sidrach Simpson, and others (1644) p 10. Cf. Michael Fixler, Milton and the Kingdoms of God (1964) p 120.

⁴¹ Quoted in Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Visible Saints. The Congregational Way (Oxford 1957) p 117.

⁴² Owen’s discourse On Toleration is an exception to a general rule. Speakers in the Nayler debates knew the difference between ‘liberty of conscience’ (or ‘liberty to tender consciences’), which in principle they normally approved, and toleration, of which they disapproved. The Quakers were suspected by MPs of aiming at the latter under colour of the former. Nevertheless, there was semantic uncertainty. Often men attacked not ‘toleration’ but ‘universal toleration’ or ‘toleration of all religions’.

⁴³ 1 Corinthians 11:19. Sometimes this text was used to justify the toleration of error rather than of heresy. The parable of the wheat and the tares proved to be similarly ambiguous.

⁴⁴ See Trevor-Roper, H. R., ‘Three Foreigners: the Philosophy of the Puritan Revolution’, in his Religion, The Reformation and Social Change pp 237–93 Google Scholar. Trevor-Roper has also discussed ecumenicalism in England and in Europe, between 1590 and 1640, in ‘The Good and Great Works of Richard Hooker’, New York Review of Books 24 November 1977; in his Wiles Lectures at Belfast in 1975; and in ‘The Church of England and the Greek Church in the Time of Charles I’ SCH 15 (Oxford 1978) pp 213–40.

⁴⁵ Thomason Tracts, E 828(8), 22 February 1655, untitled, pp 7–8.

⁴⁶ Abbott, [W. C.], Writings and Speeches [of Oliver Cromwell (4 vols Cambridge, Mass)] 1 p 376.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid 1 p 677.

⁴⁸ Ibid2 pp 283–8.

⁴⁹ Ibid 3 pp 572–3 (cf. 3 p 119); Thomason Tracts, E 828(8); A True State of the Case of Liberty of Conscience in the Commonwealth of England. Together with a Narrative of… Mr John Biddle’s Sufferings (1655) p 1.

⁵⁰ Katz, David S., Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England 1603–1655 (Oxford 1982) esp p 224.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 3 pp 459, 547, 586; 4 p 271.

⁵² Ibid 3 p 606; 4 p 273.

⁵³ Ibid 3 pp 373, 607–616; 4 p 309.

⁵⁴ Ibid 4 pp 271–2; Cf ibid 586, 592, 756; 4 pp 276–7.

⁵⁵ Ibid 3 pp 586, 607; 4 pp 272, 496. Cf C. H. Firth ed The Clarke Papers (4 vols 1891–1901) 3 pp 92–3; T. Birch ed A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe (7 vols 1742) 2 p 67; To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army (1657: Thomason Tracts, E 902(4)) p 5.

⁵⁶ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 3 pp 586, 612; 4 p 471; cf ibid (e.g.) 2 p 286, and Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 3 p 149.

⁵⁷ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 3 p 572; 4 pp 276, 719.

⁵⁸ Mercurius Politicus 29 May-5 June 1651.

⁵⁹ Diary of Thomas Burton 1 pp 103–4.

⁶⁰ Vane, The Retired Man’s Meditations (1655) pp 368–9.

⁶¹ Certain Passages 9–16 February 1655. For evident press fabrication concerning Socinians, compare the remarks about John Biddle in Faithful Scout 12–19 January 1655 with Weekly Post 6–11 March 1655 (8 March).

⁶² For contemporary observation see Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 4 pp 46, 173, and Men of Substance p 137; for modern research see J. S. Morrill ‘The Church in England, 1642–9’, in Morrill ed Reactions to the English Civil War 1642–1649 (1982) pp 89–114.

⁶³ For hints concerning Anglicans, see Robert S. Bosher, The Making of the Restoration Settlement. The Influence of the Laudians 1649–1662 (1951) pp 9–10; Dr. Williams’s Library, Baxter MSS, Letters, VI, fols 83^v, 90^r.

⁶⁴ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 4 p 272; for the younger generation, see Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 3 p 316.

⁶⁵ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 1 pp 96–7, 416.

⁶⁶ Ibid 3 pp 62, 590.

⁶⁷ Marshall, A Sermon preached to the … Lord Mayor … tending to heal our Rents and

⁶⁸ Divisions (1653) p 31; Marshall and Firmin, The Power of the Civil Magistrate pp 5, 8–9. Cf Humble Advice: or the Heads of those Things which were offered … by Mr Richard Baxter p 4; Reynolds, The Peace of Jerusalem p 31. [C. H.] Firth and [R. S.] Rait eds Acts and Ordinances [of the Interregnum (3 vols 1911)] 1 p 1133; Journal of the House of Commons 13–15 December 1654; Diary of Thomas Burton 1 p cxvi.

⁶⁹ The Protector (so called) in part Unvailed (1655) p 75; James Nayler, The Power and Glory of the Lord (1656) p 6.

⁷⁰ Works of John Owen 8 p 165. 214

⁷¹ E.g. Mercurius Politicus 2–9 February 1654; Weekly Post 16–23 January 1655; Ralph Farmer, Sathan Inthroned (1656) p 55; Inderwick, The Interregnum p 134; W. C. Braithwaite The Beginnings of Quakerism (Cambridge 1961) pp 364–5.

⁷² Works of John Owen 8 p 60.

⁷³ They can be found in Proposals for the Furtherance and Propagation of the Gospel (1653: Thomason Tracts, E 883 (12)); The Principles of Faith, presented by Mr Tho. Goodwin, Mr Nye, Mr Sidrach Simpson, and other Ministers (1654: E 234 (5)); and Ralph Farmer, The Great Mysteries of Godliness and Ungodliness (1655) p 66.

⁷⁴ Reliquiae Baxterianae (1696) 1 p 198; Humble Advice… by Mr Richard Baxter pp 2–3; Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying p 40; Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 2 pp 215 147–8 (cf 395); 3 pp 91–2, 103. Cf Matthew Hale, Of the Nature of True Religion (1684) p 4; Works of John Owen 12 p 47.

⁷⁵ John Nickolls, Original Letters and Papers of State … addressed to Oliver Cromwell (1743) p 134.

⁷⁶ Gardiner, Constitutional Documents p 416.

⁷⁷ For the uneasy adoption of the Instrument, see [Austin] Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate [(Oxford 1982)] pp 357–62.

⁷⁸ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 4 p 417.

⁷⁹ See e.g. Mercurius Politicus 16–22 December 1653; Moderate Publisher 23–30 December 1653; B[ritish] L[ibrary], Additional] MS 32093, fo 317^r, Sir Charles Wolseley to Bulstrode Whitelocke, 7 January 1654; cf Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate p 362.

⁸⁰ A True State of the Case of the Commonwealth (1654) pp 40–43; for Cromwell’s endorsement see Abbott, Writings and Speeches 3 p 587.

⁸¹ Dr Williams’s Library, Baxter MSS, Letters, V, fol 199^r-v; VI, fol 82^r-v; G. M. Paul, D. H. Fleming, and J. D. Ogilvie eds Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Scottish History Society, 3 vols 1911–40) 2 p 246; Peter Toon, God’s Statesman. The Life and Work of John Owen (Exeter 1971) pp 91, 95.

⁸² Cf. Dr Williams’s Library, Baxter MSS, Letters, VI, fol 77^v.

⁸³ Clarke Papers 2 pp 171–2.

⁸⁴ Baxter, True Christianity preface.

⁸⁵ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 3 pp 436, 459.

⁸⁶ Ibid 3 p 586; The Petition of divers Gathered Churches, and others well affected, in and about the City of London (1655: Thomason Tracts, E 856 (3)) p 4.

⁸⁷ A Second Beacon Fired. Humbly presented to the Protector and Parliament (1654); and the newspapers for mid-October 1654, listed in G. F. Fortescue, Catalogue of the Pamphlets … collected by George Thomason (2 vols 1908) 2 p 429. The Presbyterian machine had two powerful twin engines: the Stationers Company, and the London Provincial Assembly. Two leaders of the former, Luke Fawne and Samuel Gellibrand, were active officers of the latter, whose minutes can be read in a typed and annotated transcription in Dr Williams’s Library.

⁸⁸ Diary of Thomas Burton 1 p cxiv.

⁸⁹ The complicated story outlined in this paragraph can be pieced together from: Diary of Thomas Burton 1 pp lix-lx, lxxv, cxii-cxix; Journal of the House of Commons, 7–15 December 1654, 3, 9–12 January 1655; the newspapers in Thomason Tracts, E 236; R. Vaughan ed The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell (2 vols 1839) 1 pp 70, 77–8, 80, 84, 101–2; Dr Williams’s Library, Baxter MSS, Letters, V, fol 169^r; Reliquiae Baxterianae 1 pp 197–205; Humble Advice … by Mr Richard Baxter, The Principles of Faith (E 234 (5)); and ‘A New Confession of Faith’, Thomason Tracts, E 826(3) (MS), where the revised ‘fundamentals’ may be found. [W. A.] Shaw, A History of the English Church [during the Civil Wars and under the Commonwealth 1640–1660 (2 vols 1900)] I p 366; 2 pp 86–92, has the best (but not an invariably reliable) secondary account.

⁹⁰ Diary of Thomas Burton 1 p cxiv (i.e. diary of Guibon Godard, published as an introduction to Burton’s diary).

⁹¹ Ibid pp cxv-cxvii, cxxiii-cxxx; Journal of the House of Commons, 15 January 1655.

⁹² Diary of Thomas Burton p cxxvii; cf ibid p 169.

⁹³ It was widely believed, not always accurately, that Quakers (in what became the standard phrase of their critics) did not believe in ‘that Christ that died at Jerusalem’. This objection appeared in Owen’s ‘fundamentals’, and surfaced in (for example) the Nayler debates: Diary of Thomas Burton I pp 48, 64.

⁹⁴ Works of John Owen 3 p 66.

⁹⁵ Diary of Thomas Burton 1 p 132. Cf. (e.g.) Nayler’s Blasphemies Discovered (1657) p 13; Jonathan Clapham, A Full Discovery and Confutation of… the Quakers (1656) pp 16–19. For Bacon and the 1646 ordinance see Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 3 p 91.

⁹⁶ There is a good account of Biddle’s travails in 1654–5 in McLachlan, Socinianism in Seventeenth-Century England pp 202–211. Cromwell’s attitude to Biddle’s imprisonment by Parliament was closely watched, but is hard to gauge: see The Protector (so called) in part Unvailed pp 26–9, 69–72; cf Diary of Thomas Burton 1 p 161.

⁹⁷ For the Presbyterian initiative against Biddle, see: Cal SPD 1655 pp 224, 393; The Spirit of Persecution again broken loose [… against Mr John Biddle and Mr William Kiffin (1655)]; A True State of the Case of Liberty of Conscience [… together with a Narrative of… Mr John Biddle’s Sufferings (1655)]. For Presbyterian propaganda see An Exhortation directed to the Elders of… Lancaster (1655); An Exhortation to Catechising: the Long Neglect whereof is sadly Lamented (1655) esp pp 4–5, 8, 12; Richard Vines, The Corruption of Mind Described (1655) esp p 13; Nicholas Estwick, Mr Biddle’s Confession of Faith … Examined and Confuted (1656).

⁹⁸ Two Letters of Mr Iohn Biddle (1655) p 2; The Spirit of Persecution again broken loose p 4; A True State of the Case of Liberty of Conscience p 6; To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army (E 902(4)) p 2.

⁹⁹ Firth, C. H. ed Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (2 vols 1894) I pp 412–15 Google Scholar; The Petition of Divers Gathered Churches (E 856(3)) p 2; To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army p 4. This fear was widely expressed.

¹⁰⁰ The Spirit of Persecution again broken loose p 20. For Kiffin’s delicately ambivalent political position at this time see: Perfect Proceedings 31 May-1 June 1655 (6 June); The Protector (so called) in part Unvailed p 85; A Short Discovery of His Highness the Lord Protector’s Intentions touching the Anabaptists (1655) p 3.

¹⁰¹ Two Letters of Mr Iohn Biddle p 6.

¹⁰² Their historians have likewise disagreed about which of these two attitudes was the more characteristic: compare Louise F. Brown, The Political Activities of Baptists and Fifth Monarchy Men (1912) with B. R. White, The English Baptists of The Seventeenth Century (Baptist Historical Society 1983).

¹⁰³ Baxter, Richard, The Quaker’s Catechism (1655) prefaceGoogle Scholar; The True Light hath made Manifest Darkness (1657: Thomason Tracts, E 909(4)); Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus pp 37, 39; The Confession of Faith of Several Churches of Christ in the County of Somerset (1656); The Protector (so called) in part Unvailed p 72; Mercurius Politicus 17–24 April 1656; cf. Heart-Bleedings for Professors Abominations (1650).

¹⁰⁴ A True State of the Case of Liberty of Conscience (E 848(12)) p 2.

¹⁰⁵ A Short Discovery of the Lord Protector’s Intentions touching the Anabaptists; To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army.

¹⁰⁶ Jackson, Thomas, The Life of John Goodwin (1872) p 330.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army pp 3–6. Cf. Marchamont Nedham, The Great Accuser Cast Down: or a Public Trial of Mr John Goodwin (1657) esp p 115; An Exhortation to Catechising pp 12, 15.

¹⁰⁸ Two Letters of Mr Iohn Biddle p 1.

¹⁰⁹ The Petition of Divers Gathered Churches p 4; To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army p 2; Abbott, Writings and Speeches 3 p 834.

¹¹⁰ Dr Williams’s Library, Minutes of the London Provincial Assembly (typed transcript) p 159; cf. Clapham, A Discovery and Confutation of the … Quakers advertisements at the back.

¹¹¹ A Collection of State Papers of John Thurloe 5 pp 598–601; Bosher, The Making of the Restoration Settlement pp 45–6; cf. Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus p 56.

¹¹² Works of John Owen 8 pp 421–2.‘

¹¹³ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 4 pp 260, 271.

¹¹⁴ A Third Volume of Sermons preached by… Thomas Mantón, D. D. (1689) pp 3–4 (for the date of this sermon, see Public Intelligencer21-29 September 1656); John Rowe, Man’s Duty in Magnifying God’s Work (1656) pp 23–6; John Warren, Man’s Fury subservient to Cod’s Glory (1657) pp 11–12; Reynolds, The Peace of Jerusalem pp 28–34; Matthew Barker, The Faithful and Wise Servant (1657) pp 15–16, 28–9. Cf. William Gurnall, The Magistrate’s Portraiture (1656) pp 32–3; Clapham, Discovery and Confutation of the … Quakers ep. ded.

¹¹⁵ Jenkyn, William, The Policy of Princes (1656) p 23.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Collinson, Patrick, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford 1983) pp 141–188.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Colonel James Hay’s Speech to the Parliament (1655) pp 22–3, 31.

¹¹⁸ Compare Bulstrode Whitelocke’s speech in State Trials (6 vols 1730) 2 pp 273–6, with the much shorter version in Diary of Thomas Burton I pp 128–31.

¹¹⁹ Ibid pp 25, 26, 34, 48, 50–1, 55, 61, 108, 110, 122, 125, 126, 132, 140, 150, 217.

¹²⁰ Ibid 1 pp 35–6, 39–40, 56, 71, 74, 98, 110, 124; II 131.

¹²¹ Ibid 1 pp 51, 63, 70, 101, 109; cf. Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus pp 13, 35.

¹²² Diary of Thomas Burton I p 146.

¹²³ Mercurius Politicus 31 October, 20–27 November, 11–24 December 1656; Public Intelligencer 5 November, 2, 8–22 December 1656; Journal of the House of Commons 31 October 1656; Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus pp 11, 13; Farmer, Sathan Inthroned; Diary of Thomas Burton 1 pp 168–9, 171; Fortescue, Catalogue of… Thomason 2 pp 168–70.

¹²⁴ Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus p 34. Cf. A True Narrative of the Examination … of James Nayler (1657) p 56.

¹²⁵ Grigge, The Quaker’s Jesus p 13.

¹²⁶ [Henry M.] Reece, [‘The] Military Presence [in England’ (Unpub D. Phil, thesis Oxford 1981)] pp 172–6.

¹²⁷ Farmer, Sathan Inthroned pp 54–5; Several Proceedings of State Affairs 8–22 February 1655. Cf. Braithwaite, Beginnings of Quakerism pp 181, 203, 445–6; Alan MacFarlane ed The Diary of Ralph Josselin 1616–1683 (1976) p 348 (cf. p 389); Immanuel Bourne, A Defence of the Scriptures (1656) ep. ded.

¹²⁸ Farmer, The Great Mysteries of Godliness and Ungodliness ep. ded.; Reece, ‘Military Presence’ p 175.

¹²⁹ Diary of Thomas Burton I pp 50, 63.

¹³⁰ To the Officers and Souldiers of the Army (E 902(4)) p 3.

¹³¹ Diary of Thomas Burton I pp 246–70.

¹³² Abbott Writings and Speeches, 4 pp 366, 419.

¹³³ Ibid p 417.

¹³⁴ Firth and Rait, Acts and Ordinances 2 pp 1098–9, 1162–70. Cf. Diary of Thomas Burton I pp 20–4; Journal of the House of Commons 31 October 1656; Mercurius Politicusii October 1656.

¹³⁵ Shaw, History of the English Church 1 pp 375–6; Diary of Thomas Burton I p 376; Reynolds, The Peace of Jerusalem p 33; Marshall and Firmin, The Power of the Civil Magistrate p 38. A similar move had been made in 1654 {Humble Advice … by Mr Richard Baxter pp 2–3, 8–10; cf. Baxter’s Catholick Unity (1660) p 19). For the background to the initiative of 1657 see e.g. Vines, Obedience to Magistrates, third sermon pp 14—15; An Exhortation to Catechising; Minutes of the London Provincial Assembly pp 146, 148; Simon Ford, A Short Catechism (1657); Perjury the Proof of Forgery (1657) preface; The Confession of Faith, together with the larger and lesser Catechisms (1658): ‘An Ecclesiastical Experiment in Cambridgeshire’, English Historical Review 10 (1895) pp 744–53; F. J. Powicke, A Life of the Reverend Richard Baxter 1615–1691 (1924) pp 128–32.

¹³⁶ Journal of the House of Commons 19 March 1657.

¹³⁷ Gardiner, Constitutional Documents pp 454—5.

¹³⁸ Abbott, Writings and Speeches 4 pp 445, 454.

¹³⁹ For the politique ‘merciful men’ in the Nayler debate, see Worden, Rump Parliament pp 129–31.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid p 131; Ruth Spalding, The Improbable Puritan. A Life of Bulstrode Whitelocke 1605–1675 (1975) esp pp 96–7, 102, 243, 279; Jordan, Development of Religious Toleration 3 pp 68–9.

¹⁴¹ It is at Longleat (Whitelocke letters, XXVII), where I have read it by kind permission of the Marquess of Bath.

¹⁴² Hale’s posthumous works can be conveniently found in T. Thirlwall ed The Works, Moral and Religious, of Sir Matthew Hale (2 vols 1805). Jordan has a section on him: Development of Religious Toleration 4 pp 61–9.

¹⁴³ Worden, Rump Parliament pp 131–2 (for Whitelocke); Works … of Sir Matthew Hale 1 passim (esp. Burnet’s life of Hale); 2 e.g. pp 12, 25, 138, 159–60, 179, 211, 233, 246, 259, 286–7, 293, 415.

¹⁴⁴ Dryden: Philip Harth, Contexts of Dry den’s Thought (Chicago 1968) pp 108–46, 199–200, 294–7.

¹⁴⁵ Cf. Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate pp 202–3.

¹⁴⁶ BL, Add MS 31984 (Whitelocke’s History of his Forty-eighth Year) fols 165^v-166^r, 175^v-176^r; Add MS 32093 fol 317^r.

¹⁴⁷ Compare (e.g.) BL, Add MS 21009 (Whitelocke, ‘The King’s Right to Grant Indulgence in Matters of Religion’) fols 29^r-33^v, with Wolseley’s Liberty of Conscience upon its true and proper Grounds Asserted and Vindicated (1668) pp 52–3, 57–9; and compare both documents with e.g. Works of John Owen 13 p 368; Slingsby Bethel, The Present Interest of England (1671) pp 13–17; Select Works of William Penn 2 p 295.

¹⁴⁸ See the dedications of Wolseley’s The Unreasonableness of Atheism (1669) and The Reasonableness of Scripture-Belief(1672); and The Unreasonableness of Atheism p 194.

¹⁴⁹ The King’s Right of Indulgence in Spiritual Matters (1688) is an adaptation of BL, Add MS 21009.

¹⁵⁰ Duckett, G. F., Penal Laws and Test Act (2 vols 1882-3) 2 p 251 Google Scholar.

¹⁵¹ Diary of Thomas Burton 2 p 40.

¹⁵² Blencowe, R. W. ed, Diary of… Henry Sidney (2 vols 1834) pp 114–6.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Whitelocke, Quench not the Spirit (1711; 2 edn 1715); Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs, from the suppos’d Expedition of Brute … to … King James the First (1709) preface.

¹⁵⁴ This point is made by Spalding, Improbable Puritan p 248.

¹⁵⁵ See Trevor-Roper, H. R., Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon (1975)Google Scholar, and his Religion, The Reformation and Social Change pp 203, 216, 219, 299.

¹⁵⁶ BL, Add MS 21009, fols 46^r-56^r, 168^v-169^r, 190^v.

¹⁵⁷ Wolseley, Justification Evangelical (1677) p 8; Liberty of Conscience … Asserted and Vindicated pp 29, 39, 67–8; The Reasonableness of Scripture-Belief pp 47, 300–1.

¹⁵⁸ Wolseley’s preface to Henry Newcombe, A Faithful Narrative of the Life and Death of that Holy and Laborious Preacher Mr John Machin (1671).

¹⁵⁹ Hale, Of the Nature of True Religion (1684) pp 5–6, 8, 16.

¹⁶⁰ Liberty of Conscience … Asserted and Vindicated pp 17–18, 20.

¹⁶¹ Hale, Of the Nature of True Religion pp 5—6, 13, 28; cf. Wolseley, Liberty of Conscience … Asserted and Vindicated p 25.

¹⁶² Ibid p 38; Hale, Of The Nature of True Religion pp 5–6.

¹⁶³ Wolseley, Liberty of Conscience … Asserted and Vindicated p 27.

¹⁶⁴ Justification Evangelical pp 88–9.

¹⁶⁵ See Barlow’s notes in his copy of Justification Evangelical in the Bodleian Library (classmark 8°C Line. 345).

¹⁶⁶ The Reasonableness of Scripture-Belief p 195.

¹⁶⁷ Wolseley, Liberty of Conscience … Asserted and Vindicated ep. ded (and see ibid, p 304); Hale, Of the Nature of True Religion p 25. Cf. R[obert] F[erguson], A Sober Inquiry into … Moral Virtue (1673) ep ded to Wolseley.

¹⁶⁸ Of the Nature of True Religion pp 16, 37, 39.

¹⁶⁹ Works … of Matthew Hale 1 pp 36–7.

¹⁷⁰ Whitelocke, Quench not the Spirit (1715 edn) pp 52–3.

¹⁷¹ Stubbe, Essay in Defence of the Good Old Cause ‘Premonition’; Stubbe, Further Iustification pp 70–1. Cf. Jordan’s view, Development of Religious Toleration I pp 15–16; 2 pp 485–6.