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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 January 2016
In Biblical history and Christian literature alike, caves or grottoes, those works of nature,’as if cut painstakingly but elegantly in the rocks or the cliff side without any tool’, have always played their significant part. Had not Benedict of Nursia, father of western monasticism, spent three years in eremitical solitude in just such a grotto beneath Monte Taleo in the Simbruini range of the Apennines? It was no surprise then that it was to this, the Sacro Speco or Holy Cave, that Innocent III (1198–1216) came in person during the summer of 1202. Drawn to Subiaco in no small part by his reading of Book II of Gregory the Great’s Dialogues, in which his distinguished papal predecessor had described Benedict’s Life and Miracles, Innocent’s visit was notable on several counts.
1 As witnessed by Godric of Fínchale (e. 1106) in the Valley of Jehoshaphat. See Reginald of Durham, Libellus de vita et miraculis S. Godrici, Surtees Society 15 (1847), 57—58 Google Scholar; Jotischky, Andrew, The Perfection of Solitude: Hermits and Monks in the Cnisader States (University Park, PA, 1995), 68.Google Scholar
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3 From before 6 August until c. Io September: Regesta Pontificam Romanorum, ed. Augustus Potthast (Berlin, 1874), 149 (nos 1716–22); Chronicon Sublacense, ed. Morghen, 34, lines 23–27; Israel, Uwe, ‘Der Papst und die Urkunde an der Wand: Innozenz III. (1198–1216) in Subiaco’, Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheke 84 (2004), 69–102.Google Scholar
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14 3 Kings 17: 21: Gregory, Dialogues 2.31.1 (SC 260: 226–27).
15 3 Kings 18: 40: Jotischky, Perfection of Solitude, 67–69.
16 3 Kings: 19: 8–13.
17 Jotischky, Perfection of Solitude, 106–08.
18 Israel,‘Innozenz III.’, 69–72.
19 The last was destroyed by an earthquake in 1305.
20 Gregory, Dialogues 2.3.13 (SC 260: 148–51).
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25 Ibid. 15, lines 14–16.
26 Ibid. 15, lines 16–24, at line 19.
27 Ibid. 17, lines 19–24.
28 Ibid. 19, line 28.
29 Ibid. 17, lines 2–3.
30 Ibid. 18, lines 15–16.
31 Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, ‘La mobilità della corte papale nel secolo XIII’, in Carocci, S., ed., Itineranza Pontificia: la mobilità della curia papale nel Lazio (secoli XII-XIII), Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, Nuovi Studi Storici 61 (Rome, 2003), 3–78, at 5–16.Google Scholar
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35 Innocent, Sermones de tempore 18 (PL 217: 393–98, at 393).
36 Paravicini Bagliani, ‘La mobilità della corte papale’, 16—17; Bolton, ‘Caravan Rests’, 58–59.
37 Paris, BN, MS Lat. 11867, fol. 141v; Hampe, ‘Eine Schilderung des Sommeraufenthaltes’, 528–35.
38 Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (1206–27), Pope Gregory IX (1227–41): Maleczek, W., Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216: Die Kardinäle unter Cölestin III. imd Innocent III., Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichen Kulturinstitut in Rom, Abhandlungen 6 (Vienna, 1984), 126–33.Google Scholar
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44 Innocent, Sermones de Sanctis 31 (PL 217: 589–96).
45 Decretales Gregorii IX, 3.35.6 (CICan, 2: 599–600).
46 Maccarrone, Studi, 226–46, 328–34 (Appendices 1–2).
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57 Maria Laura Cristiani Testi, ‘Frescoes at the Sacro Speco’, Benedictine Monasteries of Subiaco, 95–132, 236–38, at 110–13.
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63 Ibid. 82; eadem,‘Il Sacro Speco di Subiaco’, 130–34.
64 Eadem, ‘Architecture of the Sacro Speco’, 80–82, with a very clear diagram at 82.
65 Brenda Bolton, ‘Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Supporting the Faith in Medieval Rome’, in Kate Cooper and Jeremy Gregory, eds, Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine Power in the Life of the Church, SCH 41 (Woodbridge, 2005), 157–78, at 157–65.
66 Grabar, André, Martyrium: recherches sur le culte des reliques et l’art chrétien antique, 2 vols (Paris, 1946), 1: 68–70; Righetti Tosti-Croce, ‘Architecture of the Sacro Speco’, 85–86.Google Scholar
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82 Innocent, Sermones de Sanctis 31 (PL 217: 596B).
83 Ibid.:‘non solummodo propter votum, sed etiam propter locum’.