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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 January 2016
Arriving at the Lateran on 8 January 1198, officials conducted Innocent III (born Lotari dei Conti di Segni) ceremonially to his apartments within the palace, there to rest, pray and dine.’ Foremost amongst his concerns was the household, last reformed by Gregory I (590–604). Whilst Innocent clearly adopted Gregory as his model, both for the shaping of his personal life as pope and for his understanding of the papal office, the young pope’s efforts to make his household as exemplary as that of his great predecessor have not received the attention they undoubtedly deserve. Gregory’s finest Life, composed c.875 by John, a Roman deacon, uses material from the early vitae, thus avoiding the ‘scrappy and grudging’ biography of the Liber pontificalis. Instead, John draws extensively on Gregory’s letters and the crumbling but then still extant papyrus volumes of the Registrum to demonstrate how this pope transformed his household into monastery, hospice and refuge. Three centuries later, the author of the Gesta Innocentii or Deeds of Innocent III could do no better than to adapt portions of John’s Life to highlight reforms not evidenced since the sixth century Like Gregory, Innocent wished to restore the ideas of the apostolic age to the Church. And where better to begin the spiritual renewal than within a reformed household? His inaugural sermon as pope on St Matthew’s faithful and wise servant accords perfectly with John the Deacon’s view of Gregory as paterfamilias Domini, head of the Lord’s household. Innocent, therefore, regarded the household not only as a metaphor for the congregation of the faithful but also, like Gregory before him, as a model to be used by missionaries to plant and nurture the faith throughout Christendom. Whilst the ongoing conversion of Livonia would provide Innocent with a rare opportunity to inculcate the Christian household within a pagan society, in the Patrimony of St Peter he diverged from Gregory’s path by purposeful itineration with his familia, thus initiating a public role for the household.
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24 ‘Et ideo ministerium mihi vindico, dominium non usurpo’: ibid.
25 Ibid. (col. 656B).
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29 In consecratione (cols 657D–658A).
30 John 20: 15.
31 In consecratione (cols 659D–660A).
32 ‘[Q]uatenus hoc apostolicae servitutis, quod est meis debilibus humeris importabile’: ibid. (col. 660C).
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37 Ibid. 2.15 (col. 93B).
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40 Le Liber censuum, ed. Fabre, Duchesne and Mollat, 1: 305-6; Twyman, Papal Ceremonial, 190-3; Stenton, English Society, 31-2.
41 Migne, Gesta, CXLVIII (col. ccxxv); Gress-Wright, ‘Gesta Innocentii III’, 353 lines 8-10; Powell, ed. and transl., Deeds of Pope Innocent III, 266 (CXLV1II).
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44 ‘[I]ta ut nihil aliud quam communia quaedam horrea, communis putaretur’: John the Deacon, Vita Gregorii 2.26 (col. 97B).
45 Ibid. 2.28 (col. 97C).
46 Migne, Gesta, CXLIII (cols exevi–exeviii); Gress-Wright, ‘Gesta Innocentii III, 343-4; Powell, ed. and transl., Deeds of Pope Innocent III, 257-8 (CXLIII).
47 Ibid.
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50 Theodore of Treiden (d. 1219), O.Cist, abbot of Dünamünde and bishop of Estonia.
51 Is qui ecclesiam suam. Text in Maccarrone, Studi, 335-7; idem, ‘I papi e gli inizi della cristianizzazione della Livonia’, in Gli inizi del cristianesimo in Livonia-Lettonia. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale di Storia Ecclesiastica, in occasione dell’VIII centenario della chiesa in Livonia (1186-1986), Roma, 24-25 giugno 1986, Pontificio Comitato di Scienze Storiche, Atti e Documenti 1 (Vatican City, 1989), 31-80, at 78-80; CICan, X 3.1.11; X 4.19.9; X 5.38.8.
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63 Papae consobrinus, legate to Sicily (1202), cardinal bishop of Ostia (1206-27), legate to Germany (1207-9); Maleczek, W., Papst und Kardinalskollcg von 1191 bis 1216: Die Kardinäle unter Cölcstin III. und Innocent III., Publikationen des Historischen Instituts beim Österreichen Kulturinstitut in Rom, Abhandlungen 6 (Vienna, 1984), 126–33;Google Scholar idem, ‘Zwischen lokaler Verankerung und universalem Horizont. Das Kardinalskollegium unter Innocenz III.’, in Urbs et Orbis, ed. Sommerlechner, 102-74, at 141-6 (no. 2).
64 Cardinal priest of S. Croce (1202-24), legate to Lombardy (1202), to Bulgaria (1204), to Germany (1207-9): Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 137-9; idem,’Zwischen lokaler Verankerung und universalem Horizont’, 148 (no. 7).
65 Chancellor of the Roman Church (from 1205), consanguineus and perhaps nepos of Innocent: Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 136-7; idem, ‘Zwischen lokaler Verankerung und universalem Horizont’, 147-8.
66 Papal agent in Terracina (1202-4), legate and rector in Campania and the Marittima, legate to Germany (1216): Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 163-4; idem, ‘Zwischen lokaler Verankerung und universalem Horizont’, 153 (no. 18).
67 Legate to England (1213-14): Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 147-50; idem,’Zwischen lokaler Verankerung und universalem Horizont’, 158 (no. 18).
68 Chaplain until 1203 when he entered the Chancery, legate to England (1206), cardinal priest of S. Prassede (1212-15), papal auditor (1215): Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 146-7; idem, ‘Zwischen lokaler Verankerung und universalem Horizont’, 150.
69 Consobrinus noster, canon of St Peter’s, camerarius (June 1200 – 20 April 1204): Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 163.
70 Ibid. 154-62.
71 Papal notary: Norbert Kamp, Kirche und Monarchic im Staufischen Königreich Sizilien: Prosopographische Grundlegung: Bistümer und Bischöfe des Königreiches 1194-1266, 4 vols (Munich, 1973-5), 2: 774; Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica medii aevi, 6 vols (Regensburg/Munich, 1913-67), 1: 70.
72 Papal procurator (1199): Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie, 1: 112-16; Eubel, Hierarchia, 1: 164.
73 Maleczek, Kardinalskolleg, 348; Eubel, Hierarchia, 1: 503.
74 Eubel, Hierarchia, 1: 278. Orte was on the Tiber and the Via Flaminia between Rome and Ravenna.
75 Ibid. 1: 256.
76 Ibid. 1: 532 n. 1.
77 O.Cist., acolytus noster, legate to Bosnia and Bulgaria (20 June 1204 – 1205), bishop of Perugia (1207-30): Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie, 1: 18-20; Eubel, Hierarchia, 1: 98.
78 Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie, 1: 82-4; Eubel, Hierarchia, 1: 258.
79 Canon of Anagni: Eubel, Hierarchia, 1: 246.
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