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The Child as Maker of the Ultramontane

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Bernard Aspinwall
Bernard Aspinwall*
Affiliation:
Glasgow University
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Extract

The Revd Gerard Manley Hopkins, S.J., after two months’ residence in Glasgow wrote that though repulsive to live in yet there are alleviations, the streets and buildings are fine and the people lively. The poor Irish among whom my duties lay are mostly from the North of Ireland…. They are found by all who have to deal with them very attractive; for though always very drunken and at present very Fenian, they are warm hearted. … I found myself very much at home with them. [Their horrific lives gave] a truly crushing conviction, of the misery of town life to the poor and more than to the poor, of the misery of the poor in general, of the degradation of our race, of the hollowness of this country’s civilisation: it made even life a burden to me to have daily thrust upon me the things I saw.

Type
Research Article
Information
Studies in Church History , Volume 31: The Church and Childhood , 1994 , pp. 427 - 445
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1994

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References

1 Hopkins, G. M. to Baillie, A. W. M., 6 May 1882, Abbott, Claude Colleer, ed., Further Letters of Gerard Manley Hopkins (London, 1935), pp. 248–9.Google Scholar

2 G. M. Hopkins to R. W. Dixon, I Dec. 1881 in Abbott, C. C., ed., The Correspondence of Cerard Manley Hopkins and Richard Watson Dixon (London, 1935), p. 97.Google Scholar

3 ProfessorGairdner, W. T., Evidence to the Commission (1869), pp. 433–43.Google Scholar

4 Glasgow, Mitchell Library, Strathclyde Regional Archives, St Andrew’s school logbook, 3 Nov. 1865. All school logbooks cited hereafter,—St Mary’s, St John’s, St Mungo’s, Holy Cross, etc.—are in the Stratchlyde Regional Archives.

5 Cf.Newman, J. H., On the Present Position of Catholics in England (London, 1851).Google Scholar

6 E.g. St John’s, 28 April 1864.

7 Source: Howie, Robert, The Churches and the Churchless in Scotland (Glasgow, 1893), p. 97 Google Scholar; Scottish Catholic Directory (1891); Glasgow, Strathclyde Regional Archives, School Board Minutes, 1891.

8 [H. E. Manning], ‘The work and wants of the Catholic Church in England’, DublR, ns 1 (July, 1863), pp. 139-66, at p. 165. Manning was a patron of Archbishop Eyre.

9 See my ‘The formation of the Catholic community in the West of Scotland’, InR, 33 (1982), and ‘Robert Monteith and the origins of modern British Catholic social thought’, Downside Review, 97 (1978), pp. 46-68.

10 [Wenham, J. G.], ‘Our elementary schools and their work’, DublR, 85, 3rd series, 2 (Oct. 1879), pp. 417–48 Google Scholar. See Laqueur, Thomas Walter, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780-1870 (New Haven, 1976).Google Scholar

11 St Mungo’s, 11 Dec. 1874, gives one instance of many epidemics.

12 Martha Skinnider, ‘Catholic elementary education in Glasgow, 1818-1918’, in Bone, T. R., ed., Studies in the History of Scottish Education (London, 1967), pp. 24–34 Google Scholar, esp. pp. 24-5.

13 Education Commission (Scotland) P.P. XXV (1867), containing James Greig and Thomas Harvey, The Condition of Schools in Glasgow (Edinburgh, 1866).

14 On the background see Roxburgh, J. M., The School Board of Glasgow, 1873-1919 (Edinburgh, 1971)Google Scholar; Fitzpatrick, , Catholic Secondary Education in Southwest Scotland Before 1972 (Aberdeen, 1986), pp. 25–42 Google Scholar; Report of the Committee of the Council on Education in Scotland, 1898-99. (1899), p. 418.

15 Skinnider, ‘Catholic elementary education’, pp. 24-34; The Statistics of Glasgow (Glasgow, 1891) has 16,170 Catholics (19%) with 84,986 in Glasgow and Govan board schools.

16 See Darragh, James, ‘The Catholic population of Scotland, 1878-1977’, InR, 29 (1978), pp. 211–47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 233.

17 See Skinnider, ‘Catholic elementary education’. The Revd Tom Bourke, O. P., a popular visiting Irish preacher in Glasgow, promoted these views in his sermons published by the Protestant Nationalist, John Ferguson, in Glasgow.

18 See my ‘The Catholic Irish and wealth in Glasgow’, in Devine, T. M., ed., Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Edinburgh, 1991), pp. 91–115.Google Scholar

19 See Coldrey, Barry M., Faith and Fatherland: The Christian Brothers and the Development of Irish Nationalism, 1838–1921 (Dublin, 1988), pp. 87—8, 181 Google Scholar; Garvin, Tom, Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland, 1858-1928 (Oxford, 1987), p. 8.Google Scholar

20 Ibid., pp. 23, 56.

21 Quoted in Burdett, Osbert, The Idea of Coventry Patmore (Oxford, 1921), pp. 179–80.Google Scholar

22 St John’s, frontis., 1864. Also see 20 Oct. 1873 for post-Education Act timetable.

23 At least two pupil-teachers, John Hackett and John Young, became priests in Ireland: St Mungo’s, 9 Jan. 1870. Some fifty-six women teachers became nuns.

24 St Andrew’s, 22 Feb. 1866, 19 Aug. 1870; St Mary’s, 7,8 Sept. 1870, 13 Sept. 1875, 10 March 1876, 20 March 1885; St John’s, 17 March 1894; St Mungo’s, 20 Sept., 6, 13, 15 Nov. 1867, 26 May 1868, 8 Sept. 1869, 24, 25 Aug., 12 Oct. 1870, 10 Oct. 1871, 24 Aug 1877. On songs see St John’s, 17 Jan. 1879,7 Dec. 1883,I found only one on 28 June 1897; St Mary’s, 8 Jan. 1874; St John’s, 27 May 1869; and St Mungo’s, 9 Aug. 1864.

25 See my forthcoming article on the training of Scottish Catholic teachers from 1850 to 1920, in InR.

26 Coldrey, Faith, p. 224.

27 Ibid., p. 425.

28 St Mary’s, 19 Nov. 1875.

29 See Hempton, David and Hill, Myrtle, Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster Society, 1740-1890 (London. 1992), p. 82, 92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30 St John’s, 27 May 1869 and St Mungo’s, 9 Aug. 1864.

31 St Andrew’s, 19 March 1866, 8 Oct. 1868.

32 E.g. St Mary’s, 17 Dec. 1875; St John’s, 23 Jan. 1891.

33 St Mary’s, 24 Dec. 1884, Archbishop Eyre and Madame Kuefke, the wife of a flour importer, paid; 9 Jan. 1865.

34 St John’s, 5 Dec. 1890, 24 Oct. 1864; St Mary’s 13 March 1884.

35 E.g. St Mungo’s, 23 Nov. 1865.

36 E.g. St Mungo’s, 17 April 1869; 30 May 1870; St Mary’s 17 Dec. 1875, 12 Dec. 1879, 9 Dec. 1885; 12 Dec. 1890, 14 Dec. 1894, 10 Jan., 22 Feb. 1895, 11 Feb. 1898, 15 Dec. 1899, 4 Dec. 1901; St John’s 11 Jan. 1895, 5 Feb., 15 Oct. 1897, 1 June 1900, 7 Nov. 1904, 25 Jan. 1907.

37 St John’s, 4 Dec. 1903, 12 May 1905.

38 St Mary’s, 9, 24 Dec. 1885, 11, 25 Jan., 29 Oct. 1886; 21 Dec. 1888.

39 St Mary’s, 7 Nov. 1893.

40 See Handley, James, The Celtic Story (London, 1960)Google Scholar; St John’s, 13 Nov. 1865. Even so, St Mary’s raised ¿10.10 s. 0 d. for the Red Cross: 21 June 1918.

41 Report of the Committee…, 1898–9., p. xxvi and 1903-04, p. 18.

42 DublR, 85, ser. 3 (1879), p. 445.

43 ‘Literature for the Young’, DublR, 89, ser. 3, 6 (Oct. 1881), pp. 354-77, at p. 364. See the hymns and illustrated biblical schoolbooks of Henry Formby, the popular novels of Lady Georgiana Fullerton, and others.

44 Yearley, Lee H., The Ideas of Newman: Christianity and Human Religiosity (Penn State, University Park, 1978), p. 122.Google Scholar

45 Report of the Committee … 1903-04, p. 495.

46 See Annual Reports in almost every school logbook.

47 St Mary’s, 14 Oct. 1864. Also 15 March 1869; HMI Annual Report, St Mary’s, 1869.

48 J. G. Wenham (1820-95), a Catholic schools inspector, p. 423 in ‘Our elementary schools and their work’, DublR, 85, ser. 3, 2 (Oct. 1879), pp. 417-48.

49 See Springhall, John, Sure and Stedfast: A History of the Boys’ Brigade, 1883 to 1983 (London, 1983)Google Scholar, and Youth, Empire, and Society: British Youth Movements, 1883-1940 (London, 1977), pp. 43-4, and Rosenthal, Michael, The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scouts Movement (New York, 1986), esp. pp. 92–3.Google Scholar

50 Vance, Norman, The Sinews of the Spirit: The Ideal of Christian Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought (Cambridge, 1985), p. 51.Google Scholar

51 E.g. St Mary’s, 8 Sept. 1876, 20 Sept. 1878; St Andrew’s, 8 Sept. 1865.

52 St Andrew’s, 14 Sept. 1868.

53 The careful checks on Mass and school attendance on holy days of obligation in the early log-books later became a routine mention of the holy day.

54 E.g. St Mary’s, 28 Jan., 20 May, 3 June, 27 Aug, 2 Dec. 1887, 13 Jan. 1888,28 Aug. 1903.

55 Commission on Education, p. 81.

56 Ibid., p. 84.

57 St Andrew’s, 6 Aug. 1866; St John’s, 9 Aug. 1889.

58 St John’s, 22 April 1870, 22 April 1872. Hugh Brady continued his summer factory job at 8 s. a week, 9 Aug. 1872.

59 St John’s, 14 Aug. 1896.

60 E.g. Daniel Carrigan, St Mungo’s, 23 May 1865; Philip Mooney, St John’s, 30 April 1875; J. Melia, St Mary’s, 26 April 1889; Thomas Dunnigan, St John’s, 6 Jan. 1893.

61 St John’s, 28 April 1865.

62 St John’s, 4 Sept., 16 Nov. 1865, 23 Aug. 1866, 2 Oct. 1871; St Mary’s, 19 Oct. 1868, 23 May 1881; St Andrew’s, 3 Oct. 1876, 5 Sept. 1879.

63 St Mary’s, 17 June 1873.

64 St Mary’s, 11 Jan. 1872. The Revd Peter Forbes attacked smoking.

65 St Mary’s, 1 Nov. 1873, 11 Jan. 1875.

66 St Mary’s, 23, 24 May 1870, 30 Sept. 1872, 15 Oct. 1875; St Mungo’s 24 Aug., 14 Sept. 1868.

67 St Mary’s, 23 Sept. 1870.

68 E.g. St Mary’s, 29 June 1870, 18 June 1871, 1 Dec. 1873; St Mungo’s, March, 26 May, 1 Aug. 1864, 29 Sept. 1865.

69 St John’s, Inspector’s Annual Report 1873.

70 St John’s, 4 Sept. 1874, 25, 26 March, 11 Aug. 1873.

71 St Johns, Inspector’s Annual Report 1877.

72 St Andrew’s, 5 June 1867.

73 E.g. St Mary’s, 1 Dec. 1873.

74 St Mary’s, 14, 17 Dec. 1868.

75 St Mungo’s, 9 April 1866; HMI Annual Report, 1865, 1875, 1876; HMI Annual Report, St Peter’s, Partick, 7 May 1897.

76 St Mungo’s, 12 Nov. 1868, 18 Jan., 5 April 1868. A French bishop and two French priests were astounded by barefoot children, 19 Sept. 1890. Crowded ‘adventure’ slum schools, invariably taught by Irish Catholics, faded: Education Commission, Glasgow, pp. 52, 68. One teacher, an alleged Glasgow University graduate, had peculiar vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling.

77 Ibid., p. 80. On the background see McCaffrey, J., SCH, 24 (1987), pp. 359–70.Google Scholar

78 St John’s, 11 Dec. 1874.

79 St Mungo’s, 6 May 1887, 24 Jan. 1890.

80 St Mary’s, 22 March 1912.

81 HMI Annual Report, St Mary’s, 1867.

82 HMI Annual Report, St Mary’s, 1898-9.

83 St Mary’s, 19 Aug. 1870.

84 St Mary’s, 10 Aug. 1868, 8 May 1869, 23 Jan., 9 May 1871; HMI St Mary’s Annual Report 1869; St Mungo’s, 20 Feb. 1865 and timetables with cleanliness inspections.

85 St John’s, 13 Sept. 1895.

86 See St Andrew’s, 7 Feb. 1872, 23 April, 2 Oct. 1872.

87 See St Andrew’s, 14 Jan. 1870, 10, 24 Jan. 1872.

88 Cf. St John’s, 27 May 1866 and late 1890s.

89 See St John’s, 24 March 1876, 5 April 1878. Poverty affected all denominations but Irish children were allegedly the main victims of inadequate education. See Russell, James R., The Children of the City: What Can We Do for Them? (Edinburgh 1886), p. 89 Google Scholar and Watson, David, ‘Child Life in Cities’, in Child Life in Cities and Some Aspects of the Social Problem: Papers Read before the Social Christian Union, June 6th 1901 (Glasgow, 1901), pp. 5—11.Google Scholar

90 See St Mary’s, 15 Oct. 1872; St John’s, 7 March 1864.

91 Annual HM Inspector’s Report, St Patrick’s, 24 March 1909. Also Annual HM1 Report, St Martin’s, 1 March 1910 on ‘the discrepancy between attainment and age’.

92 St Mary’s, 26 May, 7 June 1865, 29 Oct. 1875; St Mungo’s, 2 May 1865.

93 St John’s, 11 April 1864; Holy Cross has numerous entries.

94 St Mary’s, 17 Dec. 1882 and 15 Oct. 1872.

95 Holy Cross, 11 Dec. 1895, 30 Nov. 1898; St John’s, 13 Oct. 1870; ‘an African’ came on 11 Jan. 1878 and 13 Oct. 1882.

96 E.g. St John’s, 5 June, 9 Oct. 1896, 21 April 1899; St Mary’s, 14, 22 Aug., 5 Sept., 7 Nov. 1890; St Mary’s, 6 Sept. 1907.

97 St John’s, 25 April 1866.

98 St Andrew’s, 8 Aug. 1870 and St Mary’s, 26 May 1864.

99 St Mary’s, 10 Aug. 1870.

100 St John’s, 24, 26 Oct. 1870.

101 St Mary’s, 16 Dec. 30 Nov. 1872; St John’s, 6 June 1871.

102 See St Andrew’s, 21 Aug. 1871, Annual HMI Report, 7 Aug. 1874.

103 St John’s, 23 Nov., 12 Dec. 1871, 10 May 1895; St Mary’s, 7 June, 30 Aug., 13 Sept. 1865; St Mungo’s, 8 Oct. 1866.

104 St Mary’s, 6 Aug. 1866, 1, 17 Sept., 3 Nov. 1868, 7 March, 29 May 1871, 24 Sept., 7 Oct., 6 Nov. 1872, 28 April 1876.

105 St Mary’s, 28 May, 4 June, 23 Dec. 1897.

106 St Mary’s, 26 Jan. 1874, 25 Jan. 1886.

107 St John’s, 31 Oct. 1902.

108 St Mungo’s, 21 Sept. 1865, 13 Sept. 1866, 12 Feb. 1870; St Peter’s, 16 Jan. 1903.

109 St John’s, 22 May, 5 June 1908.

110 St Mary’s, HMI Annual Report; St Mary’s, 15 Oct. 1872.

111 Holy Cross, 7 Dec. 1882, 27 Jan. 1888, 6 Aug., 11 Dec. 1895, 15 March 1899, 13 Jan. 1905.

112 St John’s, 16 April 1875, 27 May 1892; St Mary’s, 30 June 1865.

113 St Mungo’s, 7, 30 Aug. 1866, 1 April 1867, 9, 15 Nov. 1869. See my ‘Formation’, and Taves, Ann, The Household of Faith: Roman Catholic Devotions in Nineteenth Century America (Notre Dame, 1986).Google Scholar

114 St Mungo’s, 28 March 1864, 19 April 1867.

115 See my ‘Formation’, John Ferguson, the Glasgow Protestant Irish Nationalist, maintained that organization was an end in itself: ‘educational, improving and it indicates life’; quoted in Hugh Heinrick, A Survey of the Irish in England, (1872), ed. Alan O’Day (London, 1980 edn.), p. xvii.

116 See St John’s, 27 Aug. 1875, 20 May 1896; St Andrew’s, 1 Nov. 1877; St Mary’s, 17 Aug. 1882; St Mungo’s, 27 Aug. 1897.

117 St Mary’s, 30 April 1897.