¹ It is usually acknowledged that modern spiritualism began in the home of the Fox family, in Hydesville, New York State, in 1848. For a good account, see McCabe, Joseph, Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847 (London, 1920).Google Scholar

² See, for example, Cornhill Magazine 2 (1860), 219–24.Google Scholar

³ This claim was made to the committee set up by the Archbishop of Canterbury examining spiritualism. See ‘Archbishop’s Committee on Spiritualism. Report of the Committee to the Archbishop of Canterbury’ (unpublished report, 1939), 6.

⁴ The Times, 15 March 1862.

⁵ Britten, Emma Hardinge, Nineteenth Century Miracles, or Spirits and their Work in every Country of the Earth (Manchester, 1883), 165.Google Scholar

⁶ The debate was held on 15 October 1919: Authorized Report of the Church Congress held in Leicester (London 1919), 113.

⁷ See Rowell, Geoffrey, Hell and the Victorians (1974; republ. Oxford, 2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Rashdall, Hastings, The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology (London, 1920), 437.Google Scholar

⁹ Beloe, R. S., Be Ye Ready: A Sermon Preached in the Parish Church of Holton (London, 1861), 15.Google Scholar

¹⁰ The controversy over the Athanasian Creed in the 1870s, for example, gave rise to a number of sermons upholding this belief.

¹¹ This may, in part, have been due to the fact that spiritualism did not become a single definable movement. For an overview of the attempts to unite spiritualists as a movement, see Nelson, Geoffrey K., Spiritualism and Society (London, 1969), 89–110.Google Scholar

¹² See, for example, Two Worlds, 18 January 1918.

¹³ Owen, Robert Dale, Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World (London, 1860), 352 Google Scholar; also Tweedale, Charles, Present Day Spirit Phenomena and the Churches (Chicago, 1920), 5.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See, for example, Spiritualist, 19 November 1869.

¹⁵ Green, Mabel Corelli, Life in the Summerland (London, 1922), 7–8.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Theobald, F. J., Heaven Opened, or, Messages for the Bereaved from our Little Ones in Glory (London, 1870), 7.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Lodge, Oliver, Raymond (London, 1916), 197–98.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Owen, George Vale, Life Beyond the Veil (London, 1926), 17.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Theobald, F.J., Homes and Work in the Future Life, 3 vols (London, 1885-87), 2: 55–56.Google Scholar

²⁰ Doyle, Arthur Conan, The New Revelation (London, 1981; first publ. 1918), 41.Google Scholar

²¹ Adin Ballou thought that there were seven: Ballou, , An Exposition of Views Respecting the Principal Facts, Causes and Peculiarities Involved in Spirit Manifestations (London, 1852), 55 Google Scholar. The Yorkshire Spiritual Telegraph, August 1835, divided six spheres into a further six grades, making thirty-six. Another spirit thought twelve: New Spiritualist, 27 September 1922.

²² Benson, R. H., Spiritualism (London, 1911), 9.Google Scholar

²³ Spiritualist, 31 December 1869.

²⁴ Report of lecture given to the Mechanics’ Institute, Openshaw, by Mrs Heywood, Green of; Two Worlds, 9 December 1887.Google Scholar

²⁵ Houghton, Georgina, Evenings at Home in Spiritual Séance (London, 1881), 9 Google Scholar; Ballou, , Spirit Manifestations, 56 Google Scholar. It ought to be added that some spiritualists argued that spirits could fall as well as rise. A base nature and refusal to conform to God’s laws might halt or reverse progress: see, for example, Colley, Thomas, Sermons on Spiritualism at Stockton (London, 1907), 16.Google Scholar

²⁶ A number of clergy were exposed as spiritualists by fellow clergyman and spiritualist Tweedale, Charles: see his Man’s Survival after Death (London, 1909), 409.Google Scholar

²⁷ Percy, and Dearmer, Nancy, The Fellowship of the Picture: An Automatic Script Taken Down by Nancy Dearmer (London, 1920), 8.Google Scholar

²⁸ For an example, see ‘The Confraternity of Clergy and Spiritualists’ to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 9 December 1939: London, Lambeth Palace Library, Papers of Cosmo Gordon Lang, Vol. 70, fol. 297.

²⁹ John Victor Macmillan to Alan Don, 27 November 1935: Lang Papers, Vol. 133, fol. 297.

³⁰ The president of the London Spiritualist Alliance in 1900, following a lecture by Hugh Haweis of St James, Marylebone, commented that finding clergy who were spiritual ists was not a novelty, although finding them proclaiming this in public was: Light, 5 May 1900.

³¹ ‘A Church of England clergyman’ [Davies, Charles Maurice], The Great Secret and its Unfoldment in Occultism (London, 1895)Google Scholar; Owen, , Life beyond the Veil Google Scholar; Dearmer, Nancy, The Life of Percy Dearmer (London, 1940), esp. 275.Google Scholar

³² There were many clergy members of the Society for Psychical Research, founded in 1882.

³³ Spiritualist, 19 February 1875.

³⁴ Light, 26 March 1881.

³⁵ Davies, Charles Maurice, London Sermons (London, 1875), 173.Google Scholar

³⁶ Tweedale, , Man’s Survival after Death, 11.Google Scholar

³⁷ See esp. Chambers, Arthur, Problems of the Spiritual (London, 1907).Google Scholar

³⁸ Dearmer, Percy, The Communion of Saints (London, 1906), 21–22.Google Scholar

³⁹ See, in this volume, Snape, Michael, ‘Civilians, Soldiers and Perceptions of the Afterlife in Britain during the First World War’, 371–403.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Winnington-Ingram, A. F., The Church in Time of War (London, 1916), 159.Google Scholar

⁴¹ idem, The Spirit of Peace (London, 1921), 159.Google Scholar

⁴² idem, The Church in Time of War, 299.Google Scholar

⁴³ Maud, John Primat, Our Comradeship with the Blessed Dead (London, 1915), 72.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Streeter, B. H., ‘The Resurrection of the Dead’, in idem et al., Immortality: An Essay in Discovery, Co-ordinating Scientific, Psychical and Biblical Research (London, 1917), 75–129, at 139.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Barnes, Ernest, Spiritualism and the Christian Faith (London, 1920), 3.Google Scholar