¹ James, Reston Jr, Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade (London, 2001)Google Scholar, is one such example. See Lewis, Bernard, Islam and the West (Oxford, 1993), 12–13 Google Scholar, for a more scholarly perspective, albeit one that follows the 'clash of civilizations’ line.

² This is my longer term purpose regarding a study of the Third Crusade for Yale University Press.

³ Eddé, Anne-Marie, Saladin,transl. Todd, Jane-Marie (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 67–270;Google Scholar The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa:The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and related Texts , transl. Loud, Graham A., CTT 19 (Farnham, 2010).Google Scholar

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⁵ Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici II et Ricardi I,ed. Stubbs, William, 2 vols, RS 49 (London, 1867), 1: 359 Google Scholar; Phillips, Jonathan P., Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations between the Latin East and the West, 1119-1187 (Oxford, 1996), 251-64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶ These events are outlined in the introduction to Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades , transl. Hall, Martin A. and Phillips, Jonathan P., CTT 26 (Farnham, 2013), 11, 32—6.Google Scholar The texts can be found in I Libri lurium della Repubblica di Genova , ed. Dino Puncuh et al., 9 vols (Rome, 1992-2002), 1/1: 97-102, 182-3; 1/2: 152-60.

⁷ Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici II et Ricardi I, ed. Stubbs, , 2: 11—13 Google Scholar (Caffaro , transl. Hall, and Phillips, , 213—15).Google Scholar

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⁹ For example, the cathedrals of Mainz and Speyer had privileges inscribed on them, see Quellen zur Verfassungsgeschichte der deutschen Stadt im Mittelalter, ed. Hergemöller, Bernd-Ul-rich (Darmstadt, 2000), 118—23, 184—8.Google Scholar My thanks to Professor Felicitas Schmieder for this reference.

¹⁰ This struggle is discussed in the introduction to Caffaro, transl. Hall and Phillips, 24—7. The relevant papal letters are translated ibid. 207—11; for the texts, see 1 Libri lurium , ed. Puncuh, et al., 1/2: 113—16, 119—26.Google Scholar

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¹⁴ I Libri lurium , ed. Puncuh, et al., 1/2: 140—2 (Caffaro , transl. Hall, and Phillips, , 220—1).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Guglielmo Cassinese, ed. Hall, Krueger and Reynolds, , 1: 6, 365.Google Scholar William of Tyre's comments after King Amalric's failed attack on Egypt in late 1168 included a lament regarding the negative impact of this outcome on Egyptian traders who had come to the Latin kingdom and spent large sums of money. In other words, usually there was a substantial level of trade between the Christians and Muslims of the Near East: William of Tyre, Historia 20. 10 (CChr.CM 63A, 924); ET William of Tyre, A History of Deeds done Beyond the Sea, transl. Babcock, Emily A. and Krey, August C., 2 vols (New York, 1943), 2: 358.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ Menache, 'Papal Attempts', takes the story through the thirteenth century.

⁸⁹ Obviously the border of Muslim and Christian Iberia, as well as the trading cities, saw much longer levels of contact: see Tolan, Saracens.

⁹⁰ Kedar, Crusade and Mission.