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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
In the year 1000 the Emperor Otto III went on a grandiose pilgrimage to Gnesen, to the tomb of his friend St Adalbert of Prague, martyred by the Prussians on the borders of their country on St George’s Day, 997. This visit has been seen as a significant moment in the development of the emperor’s imperial policies, but it may also be taken to mark the end of the first great age in the history of Christendom. By the time that Otto came to pay his respects at the shrine of this Germanized Bohemian, St Vojtiekh, and to raise it to metropolitan rank, Europe was outwardly Christian. The tenth century had completed the process begun with the first urban apostolic missions, and had seen the absorption of the Viking settlers into the Christian community, the conversion of the Magyars, the establishment of the faith in Bohemia, Poland, Russia and Denmark, the beginnings of successful missionary activity in the more northerly Scandinavian lands, and the reconversion of Crete. Whatever problems might remain in Islamic Spain, or with the tenacious paganism of the eastern Baltic, by the year 1000 Europe was Christian, and the missionary millennium was over.
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Page 17 of note 2 Ibid. p. 96.
Page 17 of note 3 Ibid. pp. 142 ff.
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Page 18 of note 8 Ibid. p. 93.
Page 19 of note 1 Dvornik, Making of Central.. .Europe, p. 149.
Page 19 of note 2 Ibid. pp. 65-6.
Page 19 of note 3 For what follows, see particularly Dvornik, Making of Central.. .Europe, pp. 16-19.
Page 20 of note 1 Replaced in the tenth century by Cyrilitsa, ibid. p. 17.
Page 20 of note 2 Ibid. pp. 169-73.
Page 20 of note 3 The Russian Primary Chronicle, ed. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 117.
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Page 21 of note 2 Ibid. IV, I.
Page 22 of note 1 Ibid. I, 23.
Page 22 of note 2 John of Trevisa, Descrypcion of Englonde.
Page 22 of note 3 All quoted by Aston, M., The Fifteenth Century (London 1968), pp. 40-2Google Scholar.
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Page 22 of note 6 Ibid, III, 25.
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Page 24 of note 3 The Russian Primary Chronicle, ed. Cross and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, p. 117.
Page 24 of note 4 Dvornik, Making of Central.. .Europe, pp. 65-6.
Page 25 of note 1 Ibid. p. 129.
Page 25 of note 2 Ibid. pp. 131-5.
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Page 25 of note 4 Quoted Frend, ‘Winning of the Countryside’, p. 4.
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Page 26 of note 4 Thompson, Visigoths in the time of Ulfila, p. 92.
Page 26 of note 5 Talbot, C.H., The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany (London 1954)Google Scholar, Ep. 27, 28 (M. Tangl, Die Briefe des Heiligen Bonifatius, Ep. 50, 51).
Page 26 of note 6 Dvornik, Making of Central...Europe, p. 113.
Page 26 of note 7 Ibid. pp. 113-14.
Page 27 of note 1 Adomnan, II, 33, 34.
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Page 27 of note 3 Quoted Frend, ‘Winning of the Countryside’, p. 8.
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