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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
There is a fundamental question that any historical analysis of the relations between Christianity and Judaism must face. What is the relation between the hostility that Christians have directed at Jews and their faith as Christians? It is a hard question to answer for both conceptual and evidential reasons. The conceptual problem is that historians may be misled by some of the theological categories which are so deeply embedded in the languages of Western culture. Let me give an example close to home. At the first conference of the Society, C. N. L. Brooke spoke of the Christian religion and of the Church with a capital ‘C’. Similarly, several titles of the volumes of Studies in Church History and many of the contributions in them have used ‘the Church’ as if there was such a thing as the universal Christian Church. Indeed, the style sheet for Studies in Church History states that a capital is required for ‘the Church’ where the universal Church is implied and gives as an example the sentence, ‘The Church preaches tolerance’—an assertion that may seem passing strange in the context of this year’s conference.
1 Brooke, C. N. L., ‘Problems of the Church Historian’ SCH, 1 (1964), pp.1–19.Google Scholar
2 Patrick Collinson, ‘Introduction’, SCH, 23 (1986), p. xv.
3 For a brief and lucid description of some of the complexities involved in believing, see Jonathan, Glover: The Philosophy and Psychology of Personal Identity (London, 1988), pp. 139–63.Google Scholar For a longer discussion see my History, Religion, and Antisemitism (Berkeley, 1990), pp. 143–76.
4 I Cor. 5. 1.
5 II Cor. 11.4.
6 Gal. 2; Acts 15.
7 See Gager, John G., The Origins of Anti-Semitism (New York, 1985).Google Scholar
8 Rom. 3-11; I Cor. 9. 19.
9 The Anchor Bible: The Gospel According to John, tr. Raymond E. Brown (Garden Ciry, NY, 1966), p. lix.
10 Marcel, Simon, Vems brail, 2nd edn (Paris, 1964), pp.257–9, 272.Google Scholar
11 James, Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue (London, 1934; New York, 1969), pp.95–107 Google Scholar; Simon, Verus brail, pp. 93-117, 166-213; Rosemary Reuther, Faith and Fratri cide (New York, 1979), pp. 117-81.
12 Bernhard, Blumenkranz, Les Auteurs chrétiens latins du moyen âge (Paris, 1963), pp.43, 67.Google Scholar
13 see Bernhard, Blumenkranz, Juifs et chrétiens dans le monde occidental, 430-1096 (Paris, 1960).Google Scholar
14 I have tried to do so in Toward a Definition of Antisemitism (Berkeley, 1990), pp. 100–33.
15 For a more extensive discussion of Peter, see my Toward a Definition of Anlisemitism, pp. 197-208.
16 Heinz Schreckenberg, Diechristlichen Adversus-Judaeos-Texte (11-13Jh) (Frankfurt am Main, 1988).
17 Peter the Venerable, Aàversusjudeorum inveteratimi duritiem, ed. Yvonne Friedman, CChr.CM, 58(1985), pp. 122-4.
18 Étienne, Gilson, The Mystical Theology of Saint Bernard (London, 1940).Google Scholar
19 Bernard, St, Liber de gradibus humilitatibus el superbiae, Opere di San Bernardo, ed. Gastaldelli, Ferruccio (Milan, 1984–7), 1, pp.48–54.Google Scholar
20 The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, ed. Bruno Scott James (London, 1953), pp. 462-3.
21 Ibid., pp. 465-6.
22 Étienne, Gilson, Héloise and Abelard (London, 1931), p.68.Google Scholar
23 Letters of St. Bernard, pp. 316-18.
24 Peter, Abelard, Commentarium super S. Pauli epistolam ad Romanos, PL 178, col. 836.Google Scholar
25 A Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew anda Christian, rr. Peter J. Payer (Toronto, 1979).
26 Letters of St. Bernard, p. 316.
27 Peter Abelard’s Ethics, ed. D. E. Luscombe (Oxford, 1971), p. xxxii.
28 Dobson, R. B., The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of March 1100—Bothwick Papers, no. 45 (York, 1974), p. 26.Google Scholar
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30 See my Toward a Definition of Antisemitism, chs 8-12.
31 Luther, Martin, Works, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut T. Lehman (St Louis, Missouri, 1955–75). 47, pp. 137-306; John Calvin, ‘Ad quaestiones et obiecta Judaei cuiusdam responsio’, loannis Calvini Opera, 9, ed. Wilhelm Baum, Eduard Cunirz, and Eduard Reuss – Corpus Reformaiorum, 37 (Brunswick, 1870), cols 657–74.Google Scholar
32 James, Parkes, ‘Jews and Christians in the Constanrinian Empire’, SCH, 1 (1964), pp.69–79.Google Scholar
33 James, Parkes, Voyage of Discoveries (London, 1969), p.120.Google Scholar
34 Sec also his The Jew in the Medieval Community (London, 1938). It concludes (p. 387) with the judgment that ‘It was Christendom which decided that the price of that loyalty [of Jews to Judaism] should be psychological and social degradation.’
35 E.g. Liebeschütz, Hans, Synagoga und Ecclesia (Heidelberg, 1983),Google Scholar completed in 1938 but only published forry-five years later; Jacques Maritain, Les Juifs parmi les nations (Paris, 1938); Maurice Samuel, The Great Hatred (London, 1943); Jules Isaac, Jésus et Israël (Paris, 1948) and Genèse de l’antisémitisme (Paris, 1956); Marcel Simon, Verus Israël, 1st edn (Paris, 1948), 2nd edn (Paris, 1964); Léon Poliakov, Histoire de l’antisémitisme (Paris, 1955–77); Bernhard Blumenkranz, Juifs et Chrétiens dans le monde occidental, 430-1006 (Paris, 1960); Flannery, Edward H., The Anguish of the Jews, 1st edn (New York, 1965)Google Scholar, 2nd edn (New York, 1985); Reuther, Faith and Fratricide; Gilbert, Dahan, Les Intellectuels chrétiens et les juifs au moyen âge (Paris, 1990).Google Scholar
36 Parkes, Voyage of Discoveries.