No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 January 2016
In contrast with their larger competitors, the Franciscans and Dominicans, the Carmelites seemed to eschew the Holy Land after its loss to the Mamluks in 1291. At first sight, the apparent lack of interest on the part of Carmelites in crusading and the Holy Land is surprising. Founded on Mount Carmel as an eremitical and contemplative community in the first decade of the thirteenth century, by the 1240s the Carmelites had begun to spread westward via Cyprus to England, France and Sicily, where they adapted their original Rule in order to become mendicants. In 1291 they left the Holy Land altogether, but unlike the Franciscans, who negotiated a return in the 1330s through their custody of the Holy Places, and the Dominicans, who maintained missions in Mongol and Turkish territories, the Carmelites seemed to show little interest in returning to their original homeland. Nor have they been generally associated with preaching the crusade in the systematic fashion of the larger mendicant orders. In fact, one could be excused for assuming that the order willingly lost touch with its geographical roots.
1 Andrews, Frances, The Other Friars: Carmelite, Augustinian, Sack and Pied Friars in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2006), 9–36 Google Scholar; Smet, J., The Carmelites, 2 vols (Barrington, IL, 1975-6), vol. 1.Google Scholar
2 Fürst, H., Die Custodie des heiligen Landes: Die Mission der Franziskaner im heiligen Land und im vorderen Orient (Munich, 1981)Google Scholar; Loenertz, R.-J., ‘Les missions dominicains en Orient au XIVe siècle’, AFP 2 (1932), 1–83 Google Scholar; idem, ‘La societé des Frères Pérégrinants: Étude sur l’Orient dominicain’, AFP 45 (1975), 107–45.
3 Copsey, Richard, ‘Two Letters Written from the Holy Land in Support of the Carmelite Order’, in idem, ed., Carmel in Britain. Studies on the Early History of the Carmelite Order, 3: The Hermits from Mount Carmel (Faversham, 2004), 29–50.Google Scholar
4 Calendar of Close Rolls Edward II 1307–27, 4 vols (London, 1900–8), 1 (1307–13): 542.
5 Oxford, Bodl., Bodley MS 73, fol. 16v; Friedman, Elias, ‘Nicola Calciuri, O. Carm (d. 1466), a Genuine Witness to the Carmelite Monastery in wadi ‘Ain as-Siah?’, Carmelus 32 (1985), 60–73.Google Scholar
6 Jotischky, Andrew, The Carmelites and Antiquity: Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 William of Coventry, De adventu Cartnelitarum ad Angliam, in Staring, A., ed., Medieval Carmelite Heritage: Early Reflections on the Nature of the Order, Textus et Studia Carmelitana 16 (Rome, 1989), 282–3.Google Scholar
8 Bodley MS 73, fol. 61v.
9 Saggi, Ludovico, Sant’Angelo di Sicilia. Studio sulla vita, devozione, folklore, Textus et Studia Historica Carmelitana 6 (Rome, 1962).Google Scholar For discussion of dating and manuscript tradition, see ibid. 1–57.
10 Bodley MS 73, fol. ivr; The Life of St Peter Thomas by Philippe de Mézières, ed. J. Smet, Textus et Studia Historica Carmelitana 2 (Rome, 1954).
11 Coureas, Nicholas, ‘Philippe de Mézières’ Portrait of Peter Thomas as a Preacher’, Carmelus 57 (2010), 63–80 Google Scholar; Blumenfeld-Kosinski, R., ‘Philippe de Mézières’ Life of Saint Pierre de Thomas at the Crossroads of Late Medieval Hagiography and Crusading Ideology’, Viator 40 (2009), 223–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12 Bliss, W. H. and Twemlow, J. A., eds, Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 4: Papal Letters 1362–1404 (London, 1902), no. 311.Google Scholar
13 Röhrkasten, Jens, ‘Thomas Netter: Carmelite and Diplomat’, in Bergström-Allen, Johan and Copsey, Richard, eds, Thomas Netter of Walden: Carmel in Britain, Studies on the Early History of the Carmelite Order 4 (Rome, 2009), 113–36.Google Scholar
14 Muldoon, James, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels: The Church and the Non-Christian World (Liverpool, 1979), 20–48.Google Scholar
15 Vita Sancti Angeli, in ActaSS, Mai II, 798–842. The following is taken from the longer Vita, first published in Benedict Gononus, Vitae Patmm Occidentis (Lyon, 1625), 227–56, ed. from Vatican City, BAV, Vat. lat. MS 3813, fols 1r-12v.
16 Saggi, Sant’Angelo, 154–61.
17 Ibid. 115.
18 Ibid. 121–2 (echoing Gregory the Great, Dialogi 2.32), 125; see Berlière, U., ‘Le culte de S. Placide’, Revue Bénédictine 33 (1921), 19–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19 Saggi, Sant’Angelo, 126–8. See now De Marco, Barbara and Craddock, Jerry R., ‘St Peter Martyr and the Development of Early Dominican Hagiography’, in Études de langue et de littérature médiévales offertes à Peter T. Ricketts à l’occasion de son 70ème anniversaire, ed. Billy, Dominique and Buckley, Ann (Turnhout, 2005), 141–52.Google Scholar
20 Vita S. Angeli, 821–3.
21 The classic study is Reeves, Marjorie, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1969).Google Scholar
22 Housley, Noman, The Later Crusades from Lyons to Alcazar 1274–1580 (Oxford, 1992), 40–2 Google Scholar; Edbury, Peter, ‘The Crusading Policy of King Peter I of Cyprus, 1359–1369’, in Holt, P. M., ed., Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades (Warminster, 1977), 90–105.Google Scholar
23 Vita S. Angeli, 822.
24 Tyerman, Christopher, ‘Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, EHR 100 (1985), 21–51.Google Scholar
25 Edbury, ‘Crusading Policy’, 94–5, discusses the likelihood of the 1365 crusade having been intended as a means of securing Jerusalem.
26 Hamdy, Abdel Hamid, ‘Phillipe de Mézières and the New Order of the Passion’, Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Egypt 18 (1964), 1–104 Google Scholar, edited from Oxford, Bodl., Ashmole MS 813; Tarnowski, Andrea, ‘Material Examples: Phillipe de Mézières’ Order of the Passion’, Yale French Studies 110 (2006), 163–75.Google Scholar
27 Housley, Later Crusades, 45–8.
28 Jotischky, Carmelites and Antiquity, 136–50.
29 Ibid. 166–83; Clark, J. P. H., ‘A Defense of the Carmelite Order by John Hornby, O. Carm, AD 1374’, Carmelas 32 (1985), 73–106.Google Scholar