¹ Presser, J., De tachtigjarige oorlog (Amsterdam and Brussels, 1963), pp. 228–33Google Scholar; Poelhekke, J. J., Frederik Hendrik Prins van Oranje. Een biografiseh Drieluik (Zutphen, 1978), pp. 503–6Google Scholar; Parker, G., ‘Why did the Dutch revolt last so long?’ in Spain and the Netherlands, 1559–1659. Ten Studies (Glasgow, 1979), pp. 45–63Google Scholar.

² The present author hopes to publish in the near future a more comprehensive contribution on Dutch-Scottish political and ecclesiastical relations in the first half of the seventeenth century.

³ The so-called ‘secreet besogne’, a committee of the States General, which, compounded by supporters of the Prince of Orange, settled vital questions of foreign policy. Gradually, as an almost almighty camarilla, it assumed a considerable degree of independence. See Poelhekke, , Frederik Hendrik, pp. 324–8, 536f.Google Scholar; Groenveld, S., Verlopend getij. De Nederlandse Repbliek en de Engelse Burgeroorlog 1640–1646 (Dieren, 1984), pp. 82–7Google Scholar.

⁴ Kossman, E. H., ‘The Low Countries’, The New Cambridge Modem History, ed. Cooper, J. P. (Cambridge, 1970), 4, p. 375Google Scholar. On Orange and Stuart, see Geyl, P., Oranje en Stuart (Zeist, Arnhem, and Antwerp, 1063), pp. 16—34Google Scholar; Groenveld, S. and Leeuwenberg, H. L. P., De bruiti in de schuit De consolidatie van de Republiek 1609–1650 (Zutphen, 1985), pp. 112–14Google Scholar.

⁵ Knuttel, W. P. C., ed., Catalogus van de pamflettenverzameting berustende in de Koninklijke Biblio- theek, 9 vols (The Hague, 1889–1920),Google Scholar nos 4561, 4948, 4949.

⁶ Ibid., nos 4980, 4992, 4993, 5062, 5153.

⁷ The Letters and Journals of Robet Baillie, ed. D. Laing, 3 vols (Edinburgh, 1841–2).

⁸ Ibid., nos XX1-LXXIV; Howie, J., The Scots Worthies (Edinburgh, 1870), pp. 413–15Google Scholar; Reid, H. M. B., The Divinity Professors in the University of Glasgow 1640–1903 (Glasgow, 1923), pp. 75–126Google Scholar; McCoy, F. N., Robert Baillie and the Second Scots Reformation (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1974); DNB, 1, pp. 892–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ On the role of the Scots at Westminster see Rogers, J. Barden, Scripture in the Westminster Confession. A Problem of Historical Interpretation for American Presbyterianism (Kampen, 1966). pp. 138–54, 193–200Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Steven, W., The History of the Scots Church, Rotterdam (Edinburgh, 1832), pp. 15fGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Archives of the Scots Church Rotterdam, Inv. no. A 1.

¹² Mitchell, A. F. and Christie, J., eds, The Records of the Commission of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland holden in Edinburgh the years 1646 and 1649 (Edinburgh, 1896), pp. 236, 242–8Google Scholar.

¹³ Drummond, A. L., The Kirk and the Continent (Edinburgh, 1956), pp. 51, 71, 82t. 126,132–6Google Scholar; Nauta, D., Groot, A. de, et al., eds, Biografisch Lexicon voor degeschiedenis van het Nederlandse Pro testantisme [hereafter BLGNP], 5 vols (Kampen, 1978ff.), 2, pp. 409Google Scholarf. with bibliography; McCoy, Baillie, p. 8, n. 14; on the staple and its church see ‘Documents relative to the Scottish Colony and Church at Veere’, MS Edinburgh, University Library, Xi 5/63/2; Davidson, E. and Gray, A., The Scottish Staple at Veere. A Study in the Economic History of Scotland (London, 1909)Google Scholar; Rooseboom, M. P., The Scottish Staple in the Netherlands. An Account of the Trade Relations between Scotland and the Low Countries from 1202 till 1676, with a Calendar of Illustrative Documents (The Hague, 1910)Google Scholar; Sprunger, K. L., Dutch Puritanism. A History of English and Scottish Churches of the Netherlands in the Sixteenth and Seventeen Centuries (Leiden, 1982), pp. 28, 176, 195, 206–11, 446–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; on Spang see also BLGNP, 2, pp. 409f.

¹⁴ Thus called because in the town there was a ferry (“veer’) to the village of Campen on the island of Noord-Beveland. This village was flooded in 1532.

¹⁵ From 1653 to 1664, the year of his death. Spang was a minister of the English Church at Middelburg, whose congregation was in fact a mixture of English and Scots and was called by him the ‘British Church’.

¹⁶ Bie, J. P. de, Loosjes, J., el ai, eds, Biografiseli woordenbotk van Protestantschegodgeleerden in Neperiana (hereafter BWPGN] 6 vols (The Hague, 1903–49), 1, pp. 199–206Google Scholar; Molhuysen, P. C., Blok, P.J., et al, eds, 10 vols (Leiden, 1911-37), 6, p. 48; BLGNP, 2, pp. 30–2Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Baillie, Letters, 2, p. 197. Through Spang, Baillie expressed the hope on 28 June 1644 that Apollonius would continue his writing. In 1642 the Middelburg divine in his Jus majestatis circa sacra had defended the original Calvinist viewpoint on relations between Church and State against the Reformed theologian Nicolaus Videlius, who advocated a greater measure of State authority over the Church. On behalf of the Walcheren classis (State Record Office of the Province of Zeeland (hereafter RAZ]: Acts of Classis Walcheren [hereafter 4CW], 20 vols, 1, no. 3 [1 Dec 1639–13 Feb. 1653], 18 Aug., 1 Sept., 1 s Sept, 6 Oct 1644), he wrote his Con-si Jeratio quarundam controversiarum against the Independent’s pamphlet Apologetica! Narration. See Nauta, D., De Nederlandsche Cereformeerden en hat-Independentisme in de zeventiende eeuw (Amsterdam, 1936), pp. 15–17Google Scholar: Extracts from the Acts of the Classis Walcheren, 1643–1644: ibid., pp. 37–49.

¹⁸ Aitzema, Lieuwe van, Saken van Stoat en Oorlogk In, ende omirent de Vereenigde Nederlanden, 6 vols (The Hague, 1669–72), 2, p. 521Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Knuttcl, W. P. C, ed., Acta der particulière synoden van Zuid-Hoiland 1621–1700, 6 vols (The Hague, 1908–16), 2, p. 505Google Scholar.

²⁰ See note 6 above.

²¹ Baillie, Letters, 2, p. 115: it is my earnest desyre, if by some of the eminent brethren there, yow can obtain, in their answers, which I hope will come, some clauses to be insert, of the churches of Holland and Zeeland [their] grave counsell, and earnest desyre, that, according to our profession in our late Covenant, taken now by both the Assemblies of Scotland and England, we would be carefull in our reformation, after the word, to have an eye to that Discipline wherein all the Reformed churches doe agree; and that we be verie diligent to eschew that democratick anarchy and independence of particular congregations, which they know to be opposite to the word of God, and destructive whollie of that Discipline, wherby they, and the whole Reformed churches do stand. If by your dealing, such clauses could be gotten put into your letters unto us, and in the letters of the churches of France, Switze, Geneva, and others, by the means of your good friends Dr Rivett and Spanheim, or some others, it might doe us much good.’

²² Hooyei, C., Oude kerkordeningen der Nederlandsche Heivortnde gemeenten (1563-1638) (Zaltbom-mel, 1865), pp. 306–23Google Scholar; Resolutions of the States of Zeeland (hereafter RSZ), 13 Nov. 1643.

²³ Lazonder, L. W. A. M., ‘Acta der Zeeuwsche synode van 1638’, Archiefvroegere en latere mede-deelingen voomamelijk in betrekking tot Zeeland, uitgegeven door het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappcn tgog (Middelburg, 1909), pp. 10Google Scholarff.

²⁴ Acts of the coetus of 10–31 Dec. 1626, RAZ, MS 241, fol. 63. The’Gecommitteerde Raden’ consisted of delegates from the States. On their position in the administrative machinery of the province, see Heeringa, K., ed., Rijksarchief in Zeeland. Het Archie)”van de Stateri van Zeeland en hun Gecommitteerde Raden 1574 (1578)-1795(1799) fs-Gravenhage, 1922), XIII-XIX;Google Scholar Andreae, Fockema, De Nederlandse Staat onder de Repuliek = Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenscnappen, Afd. Letterkunde, no. LXVIII, no. 3 (Amsterdam, 1961), p. 52Google Scholar.

²⁵ Thus the coetus at Tholen of 25–6 July 1634, RAZ, MS 241, fol. 142.

²⁶ The so-called ‘Grallenstrijd’ because of the anonymous writing Gralhe seu vere puerilis cothurnus sapienliae, quo se iaciat apud imperitos Guilelmus Apollonii (1646). See Meertens, P. J., Letterkundig leven in Zeeland in de zestiende en de eerste helft der zeventiende eeuw – Verhandelingen der Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde no. XLVIII (Amsterdam, 1943), pp. 10f., 213Google Scholar; Archief Zeeuuis Genootschap der Wetenschappen, 1, 5 (1863), pp. 80–6.

²⁷ When the Reformed ministers of The Hague, after the execution of Charles I, sent a letter of condolence to his son, Charles, containing a strong condemnation of this ‘particie’, the States of Holland summoned them to tell them to abstain henceforth from such statements to foreign princes and from any correspondence with Englishmen (Resolutions of the States of Holland and Westfriesland [hereafter RSH], 26–7 Feb., 1–3 Mar. 1649).

²⁸ When the ‘Grote Vergadering’ (great assembly), a kind of constituency, of 1651 discussed the maintenance of the Reformed religion, the five deputies of the provincial synods had to stand. Van Aitzema scorningly observed: ‘For the ministers of secular princes, chairs are waiting and they have permission to keep their heads covered. Ought the ambassadors on behalf of Christ (II Cor. 5.20) to stand bareheaded?’ (Van Aitzema, Saken, 3, p. 505.)

²⁹ A True Copy of the Whole Printed Acts of the Generali Assemblies of the Church of Scotland, 1638–1640 (n.p., 1682), p. no.

³⁰ Ibid., pp. 124–31.

³¹ Ibid., p. 130.

³² Baillie, Letters, 2, p. 46.

³³ ACW, 5 Mar. 1643.

³⁴ Ibid., 19 Mar., 26 Mar. 1643.

³⁵ Ibid., 26 Apr. 1643.

³⁶ RSZ, 23 Mar., 18 Apr. 1643.

³⁷ Ibid., 29 Jan. 1643. On this unsuccessful policy of neutrality, see Groenveld, Verlopend getij, pp. 104–20.

³⁸ ACW, 4 jun., 18 Jun., 1643.

³⁹ Ibid., 9 Jun. 1643.

⁴⁰ ACW, 11 jun.1643.

⁴¹ Ibid., 12 jun.1643.

⁴² RAZ, no. 499, Resolutions Gecommitteerde Raden, 15 Jun., 18Jun., 29Jun., 1 July 1643.

⁴³ A Letterfrom the Synod of Zelarti to the Commissioners of the Generali Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland: Written by them in Latin, and now faithfully translated into English: expressing, 1. Their fellow feeling of the present condition of the Kirk of Ireland and England, & exciting us to the like. 2. Their respects and affection to the Kirk of Scotland. 3. Their zeal to the Reformation of the Kirk of England, in Government and Ceremonies, and to the preservation of Religion there, Against the pride of Popery at this time. 4. And their desire of Vnitie in Religion, xtnd Uniformity of Kirk-govemment in his Majesties Dominions (Edinburgh, 1643).

⁴⁴ Een Brief Van de Synode van Zeelant, Aan de Gecommitteerde van de Generale Vergaderinge der Kercke in Schotlandt Eerst by hun den 18 July 1643 in ’t Latijn beschreven, ende uyt het Latijn in ’t Engelsch, ende nu uyt het Engelsch in’t Nederlants getrouwelijck vertaelt…. Eerst ghedruckt tot Edinburgh. Anno 1643. Knuttel, Pamflettern, no. 4991.

⁴⁵ In the English translation, the text between page 7, line 8 to page 9, line 5. is missing; and in the Dutch translation, the content between page 5, line 21, and page 10, line 12, is also missing. A complete Latin text is to be found in the edition cited in note 43 above. A complete Dutch translation is available in Van Aitzema, Saktn, 2, pp. 929–31.

⁴⁶ ΠPOΣΦΩNHΣIΣ classium et ecclesiarum Zelandicarum ad ecclesias Anglicanas Intestino bello perturbalas (London, 1643).

⁴⁷ Ibid., p. 12: ‘In eadem familia estis, unum communem habetis Dominum, Christum in ecclesia, Regem in Regno, qui in una domo morantur, concordes par est.’

⁴⁸ We are quoting the English translation so far as it is available.

⁴⁹ Ibid., p. 13.

⁵⁰ Copy of Acts, pp. 111f.

⁵¹ Baillie, Letters, 2, pp. 461f.

⁵² Letter Synod, p. 14.

⁵³ Ibid., p. 15.

⁵⁴ Ibid.

⁵⁵ Ibid., pp. 7–9 in the Latin text This portion is missing in the English and Dutch translations.

⁵⁶ Ibid., pp. 91f.

⁵⁷ Ibid., p. 18.

⁵⁸ ‘… den koning van Hispanje heb ik alrijd geëerd.’

⁵⁹ Baillie, Letters, 2, p. 75.

⁶⁰ Copy of Acts, pp. 185–7.

⁶¹ ‘Those who denied that the people should have a voice in die government of the church… increasingly ceased to have any alternative but to support the King and the existing episcopalian church, and this became a main reason for supporting the royalists. Those who were prepared to agree that the people should have some voice in the government of the church were bound to accept that this involved radical changes in the government of the church, possibly the establishment of some form of presbyterianism or Congregationalism, and this meant supporting Parliament in the Civil War’: Manning, B., ‘Puritanism and Democracy 1640–1642’ in Pennington, D. and Thomas, K., eds, Puritans and Revolutionaries. Essays in Seventeenth-Century History presented to Christopher Hill (Oxford, 1978), p. 153Google Scholar.

⁶² Perhaps the States having heard an oral reading of the coerus’s letter had given up their objections and, being of the opinion that political partiahty was out of the question, had decided to support their ministers’ action. (Knuttel, Acta, 2, pp. 399–402.) It is remarkable that in the further acts there is talk of England and Ireland (ibid., pp. 46 $(.), but we do not hear any more of Scotland. At a later stage, the Provincial Synod of South Holland (The Hague, 4–28 July 1644) responded to the letter of the Committee at the Westminster Assembly (ibid., pp. 476–9). The English letter was translated into Dutch and published as a pamphlet together with a reprint of the English theologians’ plea for Ireland. (Knutel, Pamflettem no.5044.)

⁶³ Nijenhuis, W., ‘Vastenopvattingen en vastenprakrijken in de Reformarie, bepaaldelijk bij de Gereformeerden’, Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift, 36 (1982), pp. 12—28Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ ACW, 19 Mar., 26 Mar. 1643; RSZ, 20 Mar., 23 Mar., 18 Apr., 14 May, 8 June, 14 June 1643; Knuttel, Acta, 2, pp. 399, 425, 465.

⁶⁵ Sources concerning this collection in Groenveld, Verlopend getij, pp. 296f. and n. 11.

⁶⁶ ACW, 24 Sept., 12 Nov., 3 Dec, 1643; RSZ, 13 Nov., 23 Nov., 25 Nov. 1643.

⁶⁷ 27 July, 7 Nov. 1643, RAZ, MS no. 949.

⁶⁸ 29 Dec. 1643, RAZ, MS no. 499.

⁶⁹ RAZ, MS no. 500.

⁷⁰ Ibid., nos 500, 950.

⁷¹ The Journal of Thomas Cunningham of Campvere 1640–1653. With his Thrissels Banner and Explication thereof, ed. E. Courthope (Edinburgh, 1928), pp. 71f.

⁷² Knuttel, Pamfletten no. 5062.

⁷³ RAZ, MS 241 p. 237.

⁷⁴ Knuttel, Pamfletten, no. 5062.

⁷⁵ Copy of Acts, pp. 239–43.

⁷⁶ Ashton, R., ne English Civil War (London, 1978), pp. 200–3Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Matey, W., Church of the covenant (Edinburgh, 1979), pp. 7Google Scholar iff.

⁷⁸ Nijenhuis, W., ‘De publiekc kerk veelkleurig en verdeeld, bevoorrecht en onvrij’, Block, D. P. et at., eds, Algcmenc Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 15 vols (Haarlem, 1977-83), 6, pp. 325–43Google Scholar; Nijenhuis, W., ‘Religiegeschiedenis 1621–1648: Kerk in meervoud’, Algemene Geschiedenisder Neierlanien, 6, pp. 377–411Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ The Confessio Belgica (1561) says in its 36th article, ‘Of Magistrates’:’… And their office is not only to have regard unto and watch for the welfare of the civil state, but also that they protect the sacred ministry, and thus may remove and prevent all idolatry and false worship; that the kingdom of antichrist may be thus destroyed, and the kingdom of Christ promoted. They must, therefore, countenance the preaching of the Word of the gospel everywhere, that God may be honoured and worshipped by every one, as he commands in his Word: Schaff, P., The Cretas of the Evangelical Protestant Churches, 3 (London, 1877), p. 432Google Scholar. In fact, the governing bodies, often themselves religiously mixed, were tolerant of people of other beliefs and turned a blind eye to their practices.