Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T16:30:56.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Classifying Judicial Selection Institutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2021

Greg Goelzhauser*
Affiliation:
Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
*
Greg Goelzhauser, Department of Political Science, Utah State University, 0725 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The judicial selection classification problem is widely recognized but poorly understood. In this note, I identify the classification problem's three interrelated sources: ambiguous theoretical arguments, varying decision rules for categorizing merit selection states, and not accounting for interim selections in mixed systems. To demonstrate threats to inference posed by the classification problem, I replicate a study on opinion writing productivity in state supreme courts. I also offer straightforward suggestions for resolving the classification problem. Eliminating the classification problem will help ensure that inferences are comparable across studies with respect to the consequences of institutional design choices concerning state judicial selection mechanisms.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Berry, Kate, and Lisk, Cathleen. 2017. Appointed and Advantaged: How Interim Vacancies Shape State Courts. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/Appointed_and_Advantaged_How_Interim_Appointments_Shape_State_Courts.pdf (accessed March 6, 2016).Google Scholar
Bonneau, Chris W., and Cann, Damon M.. 2015. Voters' Verdicts: Citizens, Campaigns, and Institutions in State Supreme Court Elections. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Bonneau, Chris W., and Hall, Melinda Gann. 2009. In Defense of Judicial Elections. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brace, Paul, and Boyea, Brent D.. 2008. “State Public Opinion, the Death Penalty, and the Practice of Electing Judges.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 360–72..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brace, Paul, and Hall, Melinda Gann. 1997. “The Interplay of Preferences, Case Facts, Context, and Rules in the Politics of Judicial Choice.” Journal of Politics 59 (4): 1206–31..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brace, Paul, and Hall, Melinda Gann. 2002. State Supreme Court Data Project. http://hdl.han-dle.net/1902.1/10712 (accessed March 6, 2016).Google Scholar
Bratton, Kathleen A., and Spill, Rorie L.. 2002. “Existing Diversity and Judicial Selection: The Role of the Appointment Method in Establishing Gender Diversity in State Supreme Courts.” Social Science Quarterly 83 (2): 504–18..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldarone, Richard P., Canes-Wrone, Brandice, and Clark, Tom S.. 2009. “Partisan Labels and Democratic Accountability: An Analysis of State Supreme Court Abortion Decisions.” Journal of Politics 71 (2): 560–73..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, Clark, Tom S., and Park, Jee-Kwang. 2012. “Judicial Independence and Retention Elections.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 28 (2): 211–34..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Council of State Governments. 1996. The Book of the States1996-97 Edition. Lexington, VA: Council of State Governments.Google Scholar
Choi, Stephen J., Mitu Gulati, G., and Posner, Eric A.. 2010. “Professionals or Politicians: The Uncertain Empirical Case for an Elected Rather than Appointed Judiciary.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 26:290336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Knight, Jack, and Shvetsova, Olga. 2002. “Selecting Selection Systems.” In Judicial Independence at the Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Approach, eds. Burbank, Stephen B., and Friedman, Barry. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 191226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Brian T. 2017. “The Ideological Consequences of Selection: A Nationwide Study of the Methods of Selecting Judges.” Vanderbilt Law Review 70 (6): 1729–54..Google Scholar
Garoupa, Nuno, and Ginsburg, Tom. 2015. Judicial Reputation: A Comparative Theory. Chicago: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Tracey E., and Yoon, Albert H.. n.d. “The Gavel Gap: Who Sits in Judgment on State Courts?” American Constitution Society. http://gavelgap.org/pdf/gavel-gap-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Goelzhauser, Greg. 2011. “Diversifying State Supreme Courts.” Law & Society Review 45 (3): 761–81..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goelzhauser, Greg. 2012. “Accountability and Judicial Performance: Evidence from Case Dispositions.” Justice System Journal 33 (3): 249–61..Google Scholar
Goelzhauser, Greg. 2016. Choosing State Supreme Court Justices: Merit Selection and the Consequences of Institutional Reform. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goelzhauser, Greg., n.d. Judicial Merit Selection: Institutional Design and Performance for State Courts. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Goelzhauser, Greg, and Cann, Damon M.. 2014. “Judicial Independence and Opinion Clarity on State Supreme Courts.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 14 (2): 123–41..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Melinda Gann. 1992. “Electoral Politics and Strategic Voting in State Supreme Courts.” Journal of Politics 54 (2): 427–46..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Melinda Gann. 2001. “State Supreme Courts in American Democracy: Probing the Myths of Judicial Reform.” American Political Science Review 95 (2): 315–30..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Melinda Gann. 2014. “Representation in State Supreme Courts: Evidence from the Terminal Term.” Political Research Quarterly 67 (2): 335346..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Melinda Gann. 2015. Attacking Judges: How Campaign Advertising Influences State Supreme Court Elections. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Melinda Gann, and Bonneau, Chris W.. 2006. “Does Quality Matter? Challengers in State Supreme Court Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 2033..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanssen, F. Andrew. 2004. “Is There a Politically Optimal Level of Judicial Independence?American Economic Review 94 (3): 712–29..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, Lisa M., and Emrey, Jolly A.. 2006. “Court Diversification: Staffing the State Courts of Last Resort through Interim Appointments.” Justice System Journal 27 (1): 113..Google Scholar
Hurwitz, Mark S., and Lanier, Drew Noble. 2001. “Women and Minorities on State and Federal Appellate Benches.” Judicature 85 (2): 8492..Google Scholar
Hurwitz, Mark S., and Lanier, Drew Noble. 2003. “Explaining Judicial Diversity: The Differential Ability of Women and Minorities to Attain Seats on State Supreme and Appellate Courts.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 3 (4): 329–52..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritzer, Herbert M. 2015. Justices on the Ballot: Continuity and Change in State Supreme Court Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, Stanley R. 1971. “Voluntary Merit Selection.” Judicature 55:161–68.Google Scholar
Nelson, Michael J., Caufield, Rachel Paine, and Martin, Andrew D.. 2013. “OH, MI: A Note on Empirical Examinations of Judicial Elections.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 13 (4): 495511..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Sandra Schultz, and Isaacs, Daniel Mark. 2004. “Historical Overview of the Judicial Selection Process in the United States: Is the Electoral System in Pennsylvania Unjustified?Villanova Law Review 49 (1): 154..Google Scholar
Owens, Ryan J., Tahk, Alexander, Wohlfarth, Patrick C., and Bryan, Amanda C.. 2015. “Nominating Commissions, Judicial Retention, Forward-Looking Behavior on State Supreme Courts: An Empirical Examination of Selection and Retention Methods.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 15 (2): 211–38..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perdue, Beverly Eaves. 2012. “Temporarily Modifying the Judicial Selection Process Established in Executive Order No. 86.” Executive Order No. 137.Google Scholar
Perpich, Rudy. 1989. “Providing for Continuation of the Governor's Minnesota Judicial Merit Advisory Commission.” Executive Order No. 89-4.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 2005. “Judicial Behavior and Performance: An Economic Approach.” Florida State University Law Review 32 (4): 1259–80..Google Scholar
Savchak, Elisha Carol, and Barghothi, A. J.. 2007. “The Influence of Appointment and Retention Constituencies: Testing Strategies of Judicial Decisionmaking.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 7 (4): 394415..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, Joanna M. 2009. “The Influence of Retention Politics on Judges' Voting.” Journal of Legal Studies 38 (1): 169206..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streb, Matthew J., and Frederick, Brian. 2009. “Conditions for Competition in Low-Information Judicial Elections: The Case of Intermediate Appellate Court Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (3): 523–37..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberg, Donna. 1983. “Voluntary Merit Selection: Its History and Current Status.” Judicature 66:265–78.Google Scholar
Ware, Stephen J. 2008. “Selection to the Kansas Supreme Court.” Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy 17 (3): 386423..Google Scholar