Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T15:04:54.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Comparing Two Measures of Electoral Integrity in the American States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Patrick Flavin
Affiliation:
Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
Gregory Shufeldt*
Affiliation:
Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
*
Gregory Shufeldt, Department of Political Science, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, 347 Jordan Hall, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

We compare two widely publicized measures of state electoral integrity in the United States: the Electoral Integrity Project's 2016 U.S. Perceptions of Electoral Integrity Survey and the Pew 2014 Elections Performance Index. First, we review the theoretical and empirical differences between the two measures and find that they correlate at a surprisingly low level across the states. Second, given this low correlation, we examine the component parts of these indices and find that both are capturing multiple dimensions. Third, we examine how the components and the individual indicators that comprise each measure are linked to citizens' stated perceptions about electoral integrity. Throughout the article, we articulate a set of preemptive recommendations that urge researchers to be cautious and deliberate when choosing among measures of electoral integrity to use in future empirical studies.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvarez, R. Michael, Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Hall, Thad. E.. 2012. Confirming Elections: Creating Confidence and Integrity through Election Auditing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Hall, Thad E.. 2013. Evaluating Elections: A Handbook of Methods and Standards. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, and Grofman, Bernard. 2014. Election Administration in the United States: The State of Reform after Bush v. Gore. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Hall, Thad E., and Llewellyn, Morgan H.. 2008. “Are Americans Confident Their Ballots Are Counted?Journal of Politics 70 (3): 754766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen. 2009. “Effects of Identification Requirements on Voting: Evidence from the Experiences of Voters on Election Day.” Political Science & Politics 42 (1): 127130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Persily, Nathaniel. 2008. “Vote Fraud Is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Role of Public Opinion in the Challenge to Voter Identification Requirements.” Harvard Law Review 121 (7): 17371774.Google Scholar
Arceneaux, Kevin, and Nickerson, David W.. 2009. “Modeling Certainty with Clustered Data: A Comparison of Methods. Political Analysis 17 (2): 177190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Alvarez, R. Michael, and Hall, Thad E.. 2015. “Voter Confidence: How to Measure It and How It Differences from Government Support.” Election Law Journal 14 (3): 207219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Alvarez, R. Michael, Hall, Thad E., and Sinclair, J. Andrew. 2014. “Balancing Fraud Prevention and Electoral Participation: Attitudes toward Voter Identification.” Social Science Quarterly 95 (5): 13811398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Saunders, Kyle L.. 2007. “Election Administration and Voter Confidence: A Local Matter?Political Science & Politics 40 (4): 655660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berinsky, Adam. 2005. “The Perverse Consequences of Electoral Reform in the United States.” American Politics Research 33:471491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biggers, Daniel R., and Hanmer, Michael J.. 2015. “Who Makes Voting Convenient? Explaining the Adoption of Early and No-Excuse Absentee Voting in the American States.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 15 (2): 192210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biggers, Daniel R., and Hanmer, Michael J.. 2017. “Understanding the Adoption of Voter Identification Laws in the American States.” American Politics Research 45 (4): 560588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2008. “Electoral Institutions and Popular Confidence in Electoral Processes: A Cross-National Analysis.” Electoral Studies 27 (2): 305320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2010. “Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (12): 16011622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, Shaun, Brunell, Thomas, Donovan, Todd, and Gronke, Paul. 2015. “Election Administration and Perceptions of Fair Elections.” Electoral Studies 38:19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, Shaun, and Donovan, Todd. 2002. “Democracy, Institutions, and Attitudes about Citizen Influence on Government.” British Journal of Political Science 32 (2): 371390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, Shaun, and Donovan, Todd. 2016. “A Partisan Model of Electoral Reform: Voter Identification Laws and Confidence in State Elections.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 16 (3): 340361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, Charles S., Hood, M. V. III, and Clark, Richard. 2005. “Punch Cards, Jim Crow and Al Gore: Explaining Voter Trust in the Electoral System in Georgia, 2000.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5 (3): 283294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burden, Barry C., and Stewart, Charles III. 2014. The Measure of American Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claassen, Ryan L., Magleby, David B., Monson, J. Quin, and Patterson, Kelly D.. 2008. “Voter Evaluations of Poll Worker Performance.” American Politics Research 36 (4): 612634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppedge, Michael., Gerring, John, Lindberg, Staffan I., Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Teorell, Jan, Krusell, Joshua, Marquardt, Kyle L., Mechkova, Valeriya, Pemstein, Daniel, Pernes, Josefine, Saxer, Laura, Stepanova, Natalia, Tzelgov, Eitan, Wang, Yi-ting, and Wilson, Steven. 2017. “V-Dem Methodology v7.1.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 1999. “Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” In Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, ed. Pippa, Norris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 5777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darby, Luke. 2017. “The Professor Who Said that North Carolina Isn't a Democracy Won't Back Down.” GQ, January 5. (accessed May 30, 2018).Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew. 2017. “The Bad Research behind the Bogus Claim that North Carolina Is No Longer a Democracy.” Slate, January 4. (accessed May 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Gerken, Heather K. 2009. The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronke, Paul., Hicks, William, McKee, Seth C., Stewart, Charles III, and Dunham, James. 2015. “Voter ID Laws: A View from the Public.” MIT Political Science Department Research Paper No. 2015-13. (accessed August 31, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Kathleen, Montjoy, Robert, and Brown, Mitchell. 2015. Administering Elections: How American Elections Work. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Thad E., Monson, J. Quin., and Patterson, Kelly D.. 2007. “Poll Workers and the Vitality of Democracy: An Early Assessment.” Political Science & Politics 40 (4): 647654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Thad E., Monson, J. Quin., and Patterson, Kelly D.. 2009. “The Human Dimension of Elections: How Poll Workers Shape Public Confidence in Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (2): 507522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamze, Adam. 2016. “North Carolina's Democracy Ranked on Par with Cuba.” The Huffington Post, December 24. (accessed May 30, 2018).Google Scholar
Hanmer, Michael J. 2009. Discount Voting: Voter Registration Reforms and Their Effects. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbing, John R., and Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth. 2001. “Process Preferences and American Politics: What the People Want Government to Be.” American Political Science Review 95 (1): 145153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, William D., McKee, Seth C., Sellers, Mitchell D., and Smith, Daniel A.. 2015. “A Principle or a Strategy? Voter Identification Laws and Partisan Competition in the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 68 (1): 1833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Highton, Benjamin. 2004. “Voter Registration and Turnout in the United States.” Perspectives on Politics 2 (3): 507515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Kim Q. 1994. Democracy in the Fifty States. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2014. Why Electoral Integrity Matters. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2016. “American Elections Ranked Worst among Western Democracies. Here's Why.” The Conversation, March 22. (accessed May 30, 2018).Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa., Frank, R. W., and Coma, F. M. i.. 2015. Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa., Garnett, Holly Ann, and Grömping, Max. 2016a. “Electoral Integrity in All 50 US States, Ranked by Experts.” Vox, December 27. (accessed May 30, 2018).Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa., Garnett, Holly Ann, and Grömping, Max. 2016b. “Why Don't More Americans Vote? Maybe Because They Don't Trust U.S. Elections.” The Washington Post, December 26. (accessed May 30, 2018).Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa., Nai, Alessandro, and Grömping, Max. 2016. “Perceptions of Electoral Integrity—US 2016 (PEI_US_1.0).” Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:1cMrtJfvUs9uBoNewfUKqA==.doi:10.7910/DVN/YXUV3W.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Vincent, and Romantan, Anca. 2004. “Confidence in Situations before, during and after Indecision 2000.” Journal of Politics 66 (3): 939956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Primo, David. M., Jacobsmeier, Matthew L., and Milyo, Jeffrey. 2007. “Estimating the Impact of State Policies and Institutions with Mixed-Level Data.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 7 (4): 446459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahn, Wendy M., Brehm, John, and Carlson, Neil. 1999. “National Elections as Institutions for Generating Social Capital.” In Civic Engagement in American Democracies, eds. Skocpol, T., and Fiorina, M. P.. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 111160.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew. 2016. “North Carolina Is No Longer Classified as a Democracy.” The News & Observer, December 22. (accessed May 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Stewart, Charles III. 2014. “What Hath HAVA Wrought? Consequences, Intended and Not, of the Post-Bush v. Gore Reforms.” In Election Administration in the United States: The State of Reform after Bush v. Gore, eds. Alvarez, R. Michael, and Grofman, Bernard. New York: Cambridge University Press, 79101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, Charles, III., Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Persily, Nathaniel. 2016. “Revisiting Public Opinion on Voter Identification and Voter Fraud in an Era of Increasing Partisan Polarization.” Stanford Law Review 68:14551489.Google Scholar
The Pew Charitable Trusts. 2016. “Elections Performance Index: Methodology. (accessed July 7, 2016).Google Scholar