Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:16:09.184Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale in a Portuguese Sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

João Miguel Raimundo Peres Moutão ,
Luis Filipe Cid Serra ,
José Augusto Marinho Alves ,
José Carlos Leitão  and
Symeon P. Vlachopoulos
João Miguel Raimundo Peres Moutão*
Affiliation:
Escuela Superior de Deporte de Rio Maior (Portugal)
Luis Filipe Cid Serra
Affiliation:
Escuela Superior de Deporte de Rio Maior (Portugal)
José Augusto Marinho Alves
Affiliation:
Escuela Superior de Deporte de Rio Maior (Portugal)
José Carlos Leitão
Affiliation:
Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal)
Symeon P. Vlachopoulos
Affiliation:
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to João Moutão. Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Av. Dr. Mário Soares, Pavilhão Multiusos 2040-413 Rio Maior (Portugal). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In line with self-determination theory (SDT: Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002) the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness has been identified as an important predictor of behavior and optimal functioning in various contexts including exercise. The lack of a valid and reliable instrument to assess the extent to which these needs are fulfilled among Portuguese exercise participants limits the evaluation of causal links proposed by SDT in the Portuguese exercise context. The aim of the present study was to translate into Portuguese and validate the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES: Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006). Using data from 522 exercise participants the findings provided evidence of strong internal consistency of the translated BPNES subscales while confirmatory factor analysis supported a good fit of the correlated 3-factor model to the data. The present findings support the use of the translated into Portuguese BPNES to assess the extent of basic psychological need fulfilment among Portuguese exercise participants.

De acuerdo con la teoría de la autodeterminación (TAD: Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002) la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de autonomía, competencia y relación ha sido identificada como un importante instrumento para predecir un óptimo comportamiento y funcionamiento en diversos contextos, incluyendo el del ejercicio. La falta de un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar la percepción que tienen los practicantes de ejercicio portugueses de que estas necesidades se satisfacen limita la evaluación de las relaciones causales propuestas por la TAD en esta población. El objeto del presente estudio ha sido traducir al portugués y validar la Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES: Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006). Los resultados obtenidos a través de 522 practicantes de ejercicio ponen de manifiesto una fuerte consistencia interna de las subescalas de la versión traducida de la BPNES, mientras que el análisis factorial confirmatorio soportó el ajuste del modelo original de 3 factores correlacionados. Estos resultados dan soporte inicial al uso de la versión traducida al portugués de la BPNES para la evaluación de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en practicantes de ejercicio portugueses.

Keywords

self-determination theoryautonomycompetencerelatednessphysical activityteoría de la autodeterminaciónautonomíacompetenciarelaciónactividad física
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 2012 , pp. 399 - 409
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACSM (2009). Resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (7th Ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Banville, D., Desrosiers, P., & Genet-Volet, Y. (2000). Translating questionnaires and inventories using a cross-cultural translation technique. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19, 374–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnette, J. J. (2005). ScoreRel CI. An Excel program for computing confidence intervals for commonly used score reliability coefficients. American Journal of Evaluation, 65, 980–983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164405278577Google Scholar
Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.2.238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (2003). EQS 6.1 for windows. (Computer software). Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Bulmer, M. G. (1965). Principles of statistics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination perspective on internalization of cultural orientations, gender and well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.1.97CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and selfdetermination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. (2006). A Test of Selfdetermination Theory in the exercise domain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2240–2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00102.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. (2007). Adherence and well-being in overweight and obese patients referred to an exercise on prescription scheme: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 722–740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Comission (2010). Eurobarometer-334: Sport and physical activity. Brussels, Belgium: Author. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_334_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Evelein, F., Korthagen, F., & Brekelmans, M. (2008). Fulfillment of the basic psychological needs of student teachers during their first teaching experiences. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24, 1137–1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714044203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N., & Harris, J. (2006). From psychological need satisfaction to intentional behavior: Testing a motivational sequence in two behavioral contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 131–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167205279905CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th Ed.). New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hein, V., & Hagger, M. S. (2007). Global self-esteem, goal achievement orientations, and self-determined behavioral regulations in a physical education setting Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, 149–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410600598315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, J. H. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: Principles, advances, and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 684–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kasser, T., Davey, J., & Ryan, R. M. (1992). Motivation, dependability, and employee-supervisor discrepancies in psychiatric vocational rehabilitation settings. Rehabilitation Psychology, 37, 175–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079104Google Scholar
Mardia, K. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2334770CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50, 741–749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.50.9.741CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, J. A., González-Cutre, D., Chillón, M., & Parra, N. (2008). Adaptación a la educación física de la escala de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en el ejercicio [Basic psychological needs, intrinsic motivation, and autotelic experience propensity in physical exercise]. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 25, 295–303Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of selfdetermination theory: An organismic- dialectical perspective. In Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of selfdetermination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Sánchez, J., & Núñez, J. L. (2007). Análisis preliminar de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Escala de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas en el ejercicio físico. [Preliminar analysis of the psychometric properties of the Spanish versión of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale in physical exercise]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 2, 83–92.Google Scholar
Satorra, A. (2000). Scaled and adjusted restricted tests in multisample analysis of moment structures. In Heijmans, D. D. H., Pollock, D. S. G., & Satorra, A. (Eds.), Innovations in multivariate statistical analysis (pp. 233–247). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, M. N., Vieira, P. N., Coutinho, S. R., Minderico, C. S., Matos, M. G., Sardinha, L. B., & Teixeira, P. J. (2010). Using self-determination theory to promote physical activity and weight control: A randomized controlled trial in women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 110–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-009-9239-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. M. (1980, June). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.Google Scholar
Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Vers une méthodologie de validation transculturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: Implications pour la recherche en langue française [Towards a methodology for cross-cultural validation of psychological questionnaires: implications for research in French]. Psychologie Canadienne, 30, 662–680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2007). Psychometric evaluation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale in community exercise programs: A cross-validation approach. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 4, 52–74.Google Scholar
Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2008). The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale: Measurement invariance over gender. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15, 114–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510701758398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Karavani, E. (2009). Psychological needs and subjective vitality in exercise: A cross-gender situational test of the needs universality hypothesis. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6, 207–222.Google Scholar
Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S. (2006). Development and initial validation of a measure of autonomy, competence and relatedness in exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 10, 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Neikou, E. (2007). A prospective study of the relationships of autonomy, competence, and relatedness with exercise attendance, adherence, and dropout. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47, 475–482.Google ScholarPubMed
Vlachopoulos, S. P., Ntoumanis, N., & Smith, A. L. (2010). The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale: Translation and evidence for cross-cultural validity. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671960CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, J. W. (1995). Statistics in kinesiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0040934CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2004). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. M., Mack, D. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Gray, C. E. (2009). The role of perceived psychological need satisfaction in exerciserelated affect. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6, 138–206.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. M., Mack, D. E., Gunnell, K., Oster, K., & Gregson, J. P. (2008). Analyzing the measurement of psychological need satisfaction in exercise contexts: Evidence, issues, and future directions. In Simmons, M. P. & Foster, L. A. (Eds.), Sport and exercise psychology research advances (pp. 361–391). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. M., & Rodgers, W. (2002). The relationship between exercise motives and physical self-esteem in female exercise participants: An application of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 7, 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2002.tb00074.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, P. M., Rogers, W. T., Rodgers, W. M., & Wild, T. C. (2006). The Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 231–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806–838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127CrossRefGoogle Scholar