Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:41:30.343Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Validation of Children's Depression Scale in the Basque-Speaking Population

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Nekane Balluerka ,
Arantxa Gorostiaga  and
Mikel Haranburu
Nekane Balluerka*
Affiliation:
Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU (Spain)
Arantxa Gorostiaga
Affiliation:
Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU (Spain)
Mikel Haranburu
Affiliation:
Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Nekane Balluerka. Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad del País Vasco. Avda. de Tolosa n° 70, 20018 San Sebastián (Spain). Phone: +34-943018339. Fax: +34-943015670. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of this study was to validate the Basque version of the CDS (Children's Depression Scale, Lang & Tisher, 1978), one of the most widely used questionnaires for the assessment of childhood depression, which has already been proved to be a valid and reliable tool in different cultures. The questionnaire was administered to a community sample of 886 participants (432 males and 454 females) aged between 8 and 16. A two-factor solution was obtained (Depressive dimension and Positive Dimension), which accounted for 29.86 % of the variance. Reliability with regard to internal consistency level and long-term stability was good (α = .95 and .79; and R = .73 and .59 for Depressive and Positive dimensions, respectively). Analysis of Differential Item Functioning with respect to age and gender showed that 91% and 88% of the items, respectively, did not present DIF. External validity evidence for the questionnaire was also obtained. We consider that the present work offers researchers and professionals interested in this area of study a valid and reliable tool for assessing depressive symptoms in Basque-speaking children and adolescents.

El objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en validar la versión en euskera del CDS (Children's Depression Scale, Lang y Tisher, 1978), uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar la depresión infantil y que ha mostrado buenas propiedades psicométricas en diversas culturas. El cuestionario ha sido administrado a una muestra comunitaria de 886 participantes (432 varones y 454 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre los 8 y los 16 años. Se ha obtenido una estructura de dos dimensiones (Depresiva y Positiva) que explican el 29,86 % de la varianza. La fiabilidad, evaluada mediante el análisis de su consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal, ha resultado adecuada (α = .95 y .79; y R = .73 y .59 para las dimensiones Depresiva y Positiva, respectivamente). El análisis del funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems con respecto al sexo y la edad mostró que el 91% y el 88% de los ítems, respectivamente, no presentan DIF. Asimismo, se obtuvieron evidencias de validez externa del instrumento. Consideramos que con el presente trabajo se pone a disposición de investigadores y profesionales interesados en este ámbito de estudio, un instrumento de evaluación fiable y válido para medir los síntomas depresivos en niños y adolescentes vascoparlantes.

Keywords

children's depressionCDStest adaptationBasquepsychometric propertiesdepresión infantilCDSadaptación de instrumentosEuskerapropiedades psicométricas
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , November 2012 , pp. 1400 - 1410
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (1991). The construction of a depression scale for Egyptian children. Derasat Nafseyah, 1, 219–251.Google Scholar
Abela, J. R. Z., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. P. (2002). An examination of the response styles theory of depression in third- and seventh-grade children: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 515–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abela, J. R. Z., Vanderbilt, E., & Rochon, A. (2004). A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 653–674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.653.50752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso-Fernández, F. (1988). La depresión y su diagnóstico [Depression and its diagnosis]. Barcelona, Spain: Labor.Google Scholar
Angold, A., & Rutter, M. (1992). Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005538CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balluerka, N., Gorostiaga, A., Alonso-Arbiol, I., & Haranburu, M. (2007). La adaptación de instrumentos de medida de unas culturas a otras: Una perspectiva práctica [The adaptation of measurement tools to other cultures: A practical approach]. Psicothema, 19, 124–133.Google Scholar
Balluerka, N., Vergara, A. I., & Arnau, J. (2009). Calculating the main alternatives to null-hypothesis-significance testing in between-subject experimental designs. Psicothema, 21, 141–151.Google Scholar
Bath, H. (1982). Family stress and childhood depression. (Unpublished master's thesis). Australian National University, Australia.Google Scholar
Bath, H. I., & Middleton, M. R. (1985). The Children's Depression Scale: Psychometric properties and factor structure. Australian Journal of Psychology, 37, 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049538508256388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumback, R. A., Jackoway, M. K., & Weinberg, W. A. (1980). Relation of intelligence to childhood depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50, 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1980.50.1.11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X., Bubin, K. H., & Li, B. (1995). Depressed mood in Chinese children: Relation with school performance and family. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 63, 938–947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.63.6.938CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobo, C. (1992). La depresión infantil [Children's depression]. Madrid, Spain: Temas de hoy.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Cole, D. E., & Martin, N. C. (2005). The longitudinal structure of the children's depression inventory: Testing a latent traitstate model. Psychological Assessment, 17, 144–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence. Archive General of Psychiatry, 60, 837–844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crook, T., & Eliot, J. (1980). Parental death during childhood and adult depression: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 252–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.87.2.252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Barrio, V. (1988). Entorno familiar y depresión infantil [Family environment and children's depression]. In Fierro, A. (Ed.), Psicología clínica. Cuestiones actuales. Madrid, Spain: Pirámide.Google Scholar
Del Barrio, V. (1990). Situación actual de la evaluación de la depresión infantil [Current status of children's depression assessment]. Evaluación Psicológica/Psychological Assessment, 6, 171–209.Google Scholar
Del Barrio, V., & Carrasco, M. A. (2004). Inventario de Depresión infantil de Kovacs [Kovacs's children's depression inventory]. Madrid, Spain: TEA-Ediciones.Google Scholar
Del Barrio, V., Frías, D., & Mestre, V. (1994). Autoestima y depresión en niños [Self-esteem and depression in children]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 47, 471–476.Google Scholar
Del Barrio, V., Moreno-Rosset, C., López-Martínez, R., & Olmedo, M. (1997). Anxiety, depression and personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 327–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00030-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz, F., Prados, M., & López, S. (2002). Relación entre rendimiento académico, síntomas depresivos, edad y género en una población de adolescentes [Relationship between academic performance, depressive symptoms, age and gender in adolescents]. Psiquiatria.com, 6(2), 1–10.Google Scholar
Doménech, E., & Polaino-Lorente, A. (1990). Epidemiología de la depresión infantil [Epidemiology of children's depression]. Barcelona, Spain: Espaxs.Google Scholar
Duggal, S., Carlson, E. A., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2001). Depressive symptomatology in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 143–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401001109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. (1975). Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior & Adult) Manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1987). Affective processes and academic achievement. Child Development, 58, 1335–1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueras Masip, A., Amador Campos, J. A., & Guàrdia Olmos, J. (2008). Psychometric Properties of the Reynolds Child Depression Scale in community and clinical samples. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 641–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueras Masip, A., Amador-Campos, J. A., Gómez-Benito, J., & del Barrio Gándara, V. (2010). Psychometric properties of Children's Depression Inventory in community and clinical samples. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 990–999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finch, A. J., Saylor, C. F., & Edwards, G. L. (1985). Children's Depression Inventory: Sex and grade norms for normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 424–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.53.3.424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, B. E. (1993). Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Neuroticism, depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance in elementary school age children. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 233–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90032-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frías, D., Mestre, V., Del Barrio, V., & García-Ros, R. (1992). Estructura familiar y depresión infantil [Family structure and childhood depression]. Anuario de Psicología, 52, 121–131.Google Scholar
Fröjd, S. A., Nissinen, E. S., Pelkonen, M. U. I., Marttunen, M. J., Koivisto, A.-M., & Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2008). Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 485–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gori-Savellini, S., & Morino-Abbelle, F. (1984). The Children's Depression Scale. Firenze, Italy: Organizzazioni Speciali.Google Scholar
Gorostiaga, A., Balluerka, N., & Isasi, X. (2009, September). Adaptación al euskera del EPQ-J (Cuestionario de Personalidad para Niños) [Basque adaptation of EPQ-J (Children's personality questionnaire)]. Paper presented in the symposium “Metodología para la traducción y adaptación de instrumentos de evaluación entre distintos grupos lingüísticos y culturales”. XI Congreso de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. Málaga, Spain.Google Scholar
Gwynn, C. A., & Brantley, H. T. (1987). Effects of a divorce group intervention for elementary school children. Psychology in the Schools, 24, 161–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(198704)24:2<161::AID-PITS2310240211>3.0.CO;2-N3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1, 1–30.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Keller, M. B., Panico, S., Arons, B. S., Barlow, D., Davidoff, F., … Wyatt, R. J. (1997). The national depressive and manic-depressive association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association 277, 333–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540280071036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huppert, M. (1988). An investigation into the relationship between depression and behaviour in children. (Unpublished Honours thesis). Melbourne College of Advanced Education, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpelä, M., & Rantanen, P. (1998). School performance and self-reported depressive symptoms in middle adolescence. Psychiatria Fennica, 29, 40–49.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.102.2.187CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, D., Hensley, V. R., & Waters, B. (1988). Validation of the Children's Depression Scale and the Children's Depression Inventory in a pre-pubertal sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 853–863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00758.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kodaki, N. (1985). An approach to childhood depression by means of the CDS applied to pubescent children. Shimane Journal of Medical Science, 9, 49–59.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory, CDI. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Heath Systems Inc.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In Schutelbrandt, J. G. & Raskin, A. (Eds.), Depression childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models. New York, NY: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Lang, M., & Tisher, M. (1978). Children's Depression Scale. Camberwell, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Lang, M., & Tisher, M. (2004). Children's Depression Scale, 3rd Ed. Camberwell, Australia: Australian Council for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Lehmkuhl, G., Walter, D., & Lehmkuhl, U. (2008). Depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz, 51, 399–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemos, S., Fidalgo, A. M., Calvo, P., & Méndez, P. (1992). Validación de la escala de psicopatología infanto-juvenil YSR [Validation of children's and adolescents' psychopathology scale YSR]. Clínica y Salud, 3, 183–194.Google Scholar
Lloyd, C. (1980). Life events and depressive disorder reviewed: I. Events as predisposing factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 529–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780180043004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luteijn, F. (1981). KDS, Kinder depressieschaal [Children's Depression Scale]. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Navas, M. J, & Gómez, J. (1994, July). Comparison of several bias detection techniques. Paper presented at the 23rd International Congress of Applied Psychology, Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.115.3.424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Patton, W., & Burnett, P. C. (1993). The Children's Depression Scale: Assessment of factor structure with data from a normal adolescent population. Adolescence, 28, 315–324.Google ScholarPubMed
Rehm, L. P., Gordon-Leventon, B. G., & Ivens, C. (1987). Depression. In Frame, C. L., & Matson, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of assessment in childhood psychopathology (pp. 341–371). New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotundo, N., & Hensley, V. R. (1985). The Children's Depression Scale: A study of its validity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 917–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb00606.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saluja, G., Iachan, R., Scheidt, P. C., Overpeck, M. D., Sun, W., & Giedd, J. N. (2004). Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 760–765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.8.760CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seisdedos, N. (2003). Cuestionario de Depresión para Niños (version española) [Children's Depression Scale (Spanish version)] 7th Ed. Madrid, Spain: TEA.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. A. J., & Koenig, L. J. (1996). Response styles and negative affect among adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02229241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, D. T., & Romney, D. M. (1984). Depression in learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 579–582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002221948401701002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaminathan, H., & Rogers, H. J. (1990). Detecting differential item functioning using logistic regression procedures. Journal of Educational Measurement, 27, 361–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1990.tb00754.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tisher, M. (2007). The Children's Depression Scale in family therapy: Hearing the hurt. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 28, 130–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/anft.28.3.130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tisher, M., & Lang, M. (1983). The Children's Depression Scale: Review and further developments. In Cantwell, D., & Carlson, G. (Eds.), Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 181–203). New York, NY: Spectrum Scientific Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonkin, G., & Hudson, A. (1981). The Children's Depression Scale: Some additional psychometric data. ACER Bulletin for Psychologists, 30, 11–18.Google Scholar
Twenge, J. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2002). Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the children's depression inventory: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 578–588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.578CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, K. B., Sturm, R., Sherbourne, C., & Meredith, L. (1996). Caring for Depression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, D. E., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., & Brook, J. L. (1995). Stressful life events in depressed adolescents: The role of dependent events during the depressive episode. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 591–598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199505000-00011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed