Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T17:07:28.023Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Screening Utility of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale in Spanish Speaking Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

José Antonio Piqueras ,
José Olivares  and
María Dolores Hidalgo
José Antonio Piqueras*
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández (Spain)
José Olivares*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Murcia (Spain)
María Dolores Hidalgo
Affiliation:
Universidad de Murcia (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to José Olivares Rodríguez. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos. Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia. P. O. Box 4021, 30080 Murcia (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]; or José Antonio Piqueras Rodríguez. Departamento de Psicología de la Salud. Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Edificio Altamira, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to José Olivares Rodríguez. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos. Facultad de Psicología, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia. P. O. Box 4021, 30080 Murcia (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]; or José Antonio Piqueras Rodríguez. Departamento de Psicología de la Salud. Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Edificio Altamira, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the screening utility of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (SASS/EDAS) in a sample of 227 adolescents with social anxiety disorder and 156 without it (14-17 years). Results showed that the EDAS subscales (Avoidance, Distress and Interference) scores were reliable in terms of internal consistency (α > .80). All the subscales discriminated between adolescents with and without the disorder. They also showed a positive and significant correlation with other empirically validated measures of social anxiety. The three subscales indicated relevant sensitivity (69.16-84.14%), specificity (63.46-66.03%) and areas under the curve (.74-.81%). Binary logistic regression analyses indicated the adequate predictive utility of EDAS subscales, with the Distress subscale as the best diagnostic predictor. The data provide empirical evidence of the usefulness of EDAS as a screener for adolescent social anxiety disorder in terms of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la precisión diagnóstica y utilidad clínica de la Escala para la detección de ansiedad social (EDAS) en una muestra de 227 adolescentes con el trastorno de ansiedad social y 156 sin el trastorno (14-17 años). Los resultados muestran que las puntuaciones en las subescalas de la EDAS (Evitación, Malestar e Interferencia) fueron fiables en términos de consistencia interna (α > .80). Todas las subescalas discriminaron entre adolescentes con y sin el trastorno. También correlacionaron positiva y significativamente con otras medidas de ansiedad social validadas empíricamente. Las tres subescalas indicaron una sensibilidad (69.16-84.14%), especificidad (63.46-66.03%) y área bajo la curva (.74-.81%) adecuadas. Los análisis de regresión logística binaria determinaron la utilidad predictiva de las tres subescalas de la EDAS, si bien la subescala Malestar se mostró como el mejor predictor del diagnóstico. Los datos aportan evidencia empírica de la utilidad de la EDAS como herramienta de detección para el trastorno de ansiedad social en la adolescencia en términos de fiabilidad, validez convergente y discriminante, precisión diagnóstica y utilidad clínica.

Keywords

social phobiasocial anxietyadolescenceassessmentscreeningfobia socialansiedad socialadolescenciaevaluacióndetección
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , July 2012 , pp. 710 - 723
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349Google Scholar
Anderson, E. R., Jordan, J. A., Smith, A. J., & Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M. (2009). An examination of the MASC Social Anxiety Scale in a non-referred sample of adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1098–1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aune, T., Stiles, T. C., & Svarva, K. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for children using a non-American population-based sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1075–1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.11.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, K. A., Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. T., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Brief measures to screen for social phobia in primary care pediatrics. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 512–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj044CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beidel, D., Turner, S., & Morris, T. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for children. Psychological Assessment, 7, 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.1.73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. M. (1997). The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Acaddemy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545–553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., & Voncken, M. (2010). Social anxiety disorder: Questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 168–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20670CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-843X.110.1.49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caballo, V., Salazar, I., Arias, B., Irurtia, M., Calderero, M., & Spain CISO-A Research Team. (2010). Validación del Cuestionario de Ansiedad Social para adultos (CASO-A30) en universitarios españoles: Similitudes y diferencias entre comunidades y carreras universitarias [Validation of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30) with Spanish university students: Similarities and differences among degree subjects and regions]. Behavioral Therapy/Psicología Conductual, 18, 5–34.Google Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., Asmundson, G. J., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2009). Refining and validating the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20480CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. B., Turner, S., Beidel, D., Donovan, J. E., Kirisci, L., & Jacob, R. G. (1994). Reliability and validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 6, 135–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Connor, K., Davidson, J., Churchill, L., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): A new selfrating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 379–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Nardo, P. A., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV (lifetime version). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Echeburúa, E., Corral, P., & Fernández-Montalvo, J. (2000). Escala de Inadaptación (EI): Propiedades psicométricas en contextos clínicos [Maladjustment Scale: Psychometric properties in clinical contexts]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 26, 325–340.Google Scholar
García-López, L. J., Bermejo, R. M., & Hidalgo, M. D. (2010). The Social Phobia Inventory: Screening and Cross-Cultural Validation in Spanish adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 968–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García-López, L. J., Hidalgo, M., Beidel, D., Olivares, J., & Turner, S. (2008). Brief form of the social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI-B) for adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 150–156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.24.3.150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-López, L. J., Olivares, J., Hidalgo, M. D., Beidel, D., & Turner, S. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory, the Social Anxiety Scale for adolescents, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and the Social Avoidance Distress Scale in an adolescent Spanish speaking population. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011043607878CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gren-Landell, M., Bjorklind, A., Tillfors, M., Furmark, T., Svedin, C. G., & Andersson, G. (2009). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of a modified version of the Social Phobia Screening Questionnaire for use in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3, 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-3-36CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmbeck, G. N., Thill, A. W., Bachanas, P., Garber, J., Miller, K. B., Abad, M., … Zukerman, J. (2008). Evidence-based assessment in pediatric psychology: Measures of psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 958–980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm059CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inderbitzen-Nolan, H., Davies, C. A., & McKeon, N. D. (2004). Investigating the construct validity of the SPAI-C: Comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the SPAI-C and the SAS-A. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 547–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(03)00042-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inglés, C., Marzo, J., Hidalgo, M., Zhou, X., & García-Fernández, J. (2008). Factorial invariance of the questionnaire about interpersonal difficulties for adolescents across Spanish and Chinese adolescent samples. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 41, 89–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglés, C. J., Méndez, F. X., & Hidalgo, M. D. (2000). Cuestionario de Evaluación de Dificultades Interpersonales en la adolescencia [Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulty for adolescents]. Psicothema, 12, 390–398.Google Scholar
Inglés, C., Piqueras, J., García-Fernández, J., García-López, L. J., Delgado, B., & Ruiz-Esteban, C. (2010). Diferencias de género y edad en respuestas cognitivas, psicofisiológicas y motoras de ansiedad social en la adolescencia [Gender and age differences in the cognitive, psychophysiological, and behavioral responses of social anxiety in adolescence]. Psicothema, 22, 376–381.Google Scholar
La Greca, A. M., & Stone, W. (1993). Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Greca, A. M., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lameiras, M., & Rodriguez, Y. (2003). Age and sex differences in self-esteem among Spanish adolescents. Psychological Reports, 93, 876–878.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In Shlien, J. M. (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3, pp. 90–102). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173.Google Scholar
Lipsey, M., & Wilson, D. (2001). Practical Meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google ScholarPubMed
March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Olivares, J. (2009). Evaluación y tratamiento de la fobia social en población infanto-juvenil de los países de habla española y portuguesa [Evaluation and treatment of social phobia in children and adolescents in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries]. Anuario de Psicología, 40, 7–21.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., & García-López, L. J. (1998). Escala para la Detección de la Ansiedad Social. [Social Anxiety Screening Scale]. Murcia, Spain: Universidad de MurciaGoogle Scholar
Olivares, J., García-López, L. J., Hidalgo, M. D., La Greca, A. M., Turner, S., & Beidel, D. (2002). A pilot study on normative data for two social anxiety measures: The social phobia and anxiety inventory and the social anxiety scale for adolescents. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 2, 467–476.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., García-López, L. J., Hidalgo, M. D., Turner, S., & Beidel, D. (1999). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory: Reliability and validity in an adolescent Spanish population. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022864211676CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivares, J., Piqueras, J., & García-López, L. J. (2005). Escala para la Detección de la Ansiedad Social [Social Anxiety Screening Scale]. In Vera-Villarroel, P. & Oblitas, L. (Eds.), Manual de Escalas y Cuestionarios Iberoamericanos en Psicología Clínica y de la Salud. Bogotá DC: Editorial PSICOM Editores.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., Piqueras, J. A., & Rosa, A. I. (2006). Características sociodemográficas y psicológicas de la fobia social en adolescentes [Sociodemographic and psychological features of social phobia in the adolescence]. Psicothema, 18, 207–212.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., Piqueras, J. A., & Sánchez-Garcia, R. (2004). Escala para la Detección de la Ansiedad Social (EDAS): Estructura factorial y fiabilidad en una muestra de adolescente entre 14 y 18 años [Social Anxiety Screening Scale (EDAS): Reliability and factorial structure in a sample of adolescents aged between 14 to 18 years old]. Psicología Conductual, 12, 251–268.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., Ruiz, J., Hidalgo, M. D., García-López, L. J., Rosa, A. I., & Piqueras, J. A. (2005). Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A): Psychometric properties in a Spanish-speaking population. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5, 85–97.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., Sánchez-García, R., & López-Pina, J. (2009). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale for children and adolescents. Psicothema, 21, 486–491.Google ScholarPubMed
Olivares, J., Sánchez-García, R., López-Pina, J. A., & Rosa-Alcázar, A. I. (2010). Psychometric Properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for children in a Spanish Sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 961–969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivares, J., Vera-Villarroel, P., Arriagada, D., Jorquera, D., Canales, R., Rosa-Alcázar, A., & López-Pina, J. A. (2009). Primeros resultados de la adaptación del Inventario de Ansiedad y Fobia Social en niños chilenos [The first results of the adaptation of the Anxiety and Social Phobia Inventory among Chilean children]. Anuario de Psicología, 40, 63–74.Google Scholar
Olivares, J., Vera-Villarroel, P. Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., Kuhne, W., Montesinos, L., & López-Pina, J. A. (2010). El inventario de fobia social y ansiedad: Primeros resultados de confiabilidad y validez estructural en adolescentes chilenos [The social phobia and anxiety inventory: First results of the reliability and structural validity in chilean adolescents]. Universitas Psychologica, 9, 153–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piqueras, J. A., Olivares, J., Hidalgo, M.D. Vera-Villarroel, P., & Marzo, J. C. (2011). Psychometric update of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (SASS/EDAS) in a Spanish adolescent population. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 977–989. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piqueras, J., Olivares, J., Vera-Villarroel, P., Marzo, J., & Kuhne, W. (2012). Invarianza factorial de la Escala para la Detección de Ansiedad Social (EDAS) en adolescentes españoles y chilenos [Factorial Invariance of the Social Anxiety Screening Scale (EDAS) in Spanish and Chilean adolescents]. Anales de Psicología, 28, 203–214.Google Scholar
Piqueras, J. A., Olivares, J., & Lopez-Pina, J. A. (2008). A new proposal for the subtypes of social phobia in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rantanen, P., Tuomisto, M. T., & Marttunen, M. (2007). Screening social phobia in adolescents from general population: The validity of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) against a clinical interview. European Psychiatry, 22, 244–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.12.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathus, S. (1973). A 30-items schedule for assessing assertive behavior. Behavior Therapy, 4, 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(73)80120-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salaberría, K., & Echeburua, E. (1995). Tratamiento psicológico de la fobia social: Un estudio experimental [Psychological treatment in social phobia: An experimental study]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 21, 151–179.Google Scholar
Simon, E., & Bogels, S. M. (2009). Screening for anxiety disorders in children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 625–634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0023-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, S. H. (1998). A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 545–566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00034-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Masia-Warner, C., Dent, H. C., Roberti, J. W., & Fisher, P. H. (2004). Psychometric evaluation of the Social Anxiety Scale for adolescents and the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for children: Construct validity and normative data. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 665–679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, S., Beidel, D., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1040-3590.1.1.35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaal, J., & McCullagh, J. (1975). The Rathus assertiveness schedule: Reliability at the junior high school level. Behavior Therapy, 6, 566–567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(75)80016-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vera-Villarroel, P., Olivares, J., Kuhne, W., Rosa, A., Santibáñez, C., & López-Pina, J. (2007). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala para la Detección de la Ansiedad Social (EDAS) en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos [Psychometric properties of the Scale for Social Anxiety (EDAS) in a sample of Chilean adolescents]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7, 795–806.Google Scholar
Whiteside, S. P., & Brown, A. M. (2008). Exploring the utility of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scales parent- and child-report forms in a North American sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1440–1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zubeidat, I., Salinas, J. M., & Sierra, J. C. (2008). Exploration of the psychometric characteristics of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in a Spanish adolescent sample. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 977–987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zubeidat, I., Salinas, J. M., Sierra, J. C., & Fernandez-Parra, A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and separation criterion between Spanish youths with and without subtypes of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 603–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.09.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed