Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:40:53.471Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Is the Breadth of Individualized Ranges of Optimal Anxiety (IZOF) Equal for all Athletes? A Graphical Method for Establishing IZOF

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 April 2014

Diana Pons ,
Isabel Balaguer  and
M. Luisa Garcia-Merita
Diana Pons*
Affiliation:
University of Valencia
Isabel Balaguer
Affiliation:
University of Valencia
M. Luisa Garcia-Merita
Affiliation:
University of Valencia
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Diana Pons, Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos. Facultad de Psicolígicos.Universidad de Valencia. Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21. 46010 Valencia (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Recall and direct methods to determine the individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) cannot account for potential individual differences in the span of optimal anxiety. Accordingly, an attempt was made to test a graphical technique that could establish the span of optimal anxiety ranges for individuals. State anxiety (STAI; Spielberger, Gorusch, & Lushene, 1970; and CSAI-2; Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990) was assessed before competitions (10 to 20) in six Spanish golfers during a season. Performance in each match was determined using golf scores and self-ratings. Optimal anxiety ranges were established graphically by plotting individual scores of precompetition anxiety against individual performance values. Optimal ranges were also determined using Hanin's (1986, 1989) direct and recall methods. The efficacy of each method was contrasted by comparing performance between cases in which the golfers possessed optimal or non-optimal anxiety according to each method. More of the golfers performed better when competing within an IZOF established with the graphic procedures than with the other methods.

Los métodos directo y retrospectivo para establecer la zona individual de óptimo funcionamiento (IZOF) no consideran las posibles diferencias individuales en la amplitud del rango de ansiedad óptima. Por este motivo se sometió a prueba un método gráfico que permitiera establecer la amplitud de los rangos de ansiedad óptima de forma individualizada. La ansiedad estado (STAI; Spielberger, Gorusch y Lushene, 1970; y CSAI-2; Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump y Smith, 1990) se evaluó antes de las competiciones (10 a 20) en seis jugadores de golf a lo largo de una temporada. El rendimiento de cada competición se estableció utilizando el número de golpes efectuados y autoinformes. Los rangos de ansiedad óptima se establecieron gráficamente, representando los niveles de ansiedad precompetitiva frente a los rendimientos de cada jugador. También se establecieron los rangos de ansiedad óptima, empleando los métodos directo y retrospectivo propuestos por Hanin (1986, 1989). La eficacia de cada método fue contrastada comparando el rendimiento de los casos en los que el nivel de ansiedad se situaba dentro o fuera de la zona establecida de óptimo funcionamiento. Comparando los tres métodos, la mayoría de los jugadores de golf rindieron mejor cuando competían dentro de su IZOF establecido con el procedimiento gráfico.

Keywords

outstanding performanceindividual zone of optimal functioningrendimiento sobresalientezona individual de óptimo funcionamiento
Type
Articles
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , May 2001 , pp. 3 - 10
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., Linder, D.E., & Van Raalte, N.S. (1991). Peak performance and the perils of retrospective introspection. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 8, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, D., & Krane, V. (1992). The arousal-athletic performance relationship: Current status and future directions. In Horn, T.S. (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 119–141). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Hardy, L., & Loachbaum, M. (1993). Multidimensional state anxiety and middle distance running performance: An exploratory examination of Hanin's (1980) zone of optimal functioning hypothesis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 85–95.Google Scholar
Hanin, Y.L. (1978). A study of anxiety in sport. In Straub, W.P. (Ed.), Sport Psychology: An analysis of athletic behavior (pp. 236–249). Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications.Google Scholar
Hanin, Y.L. (1986). State-trait anxiety research on sports in USSR. In Spielberger, C.D. & Guerrero, R. Díaz (Eds.), Cross-cultural anxiety (Vol. 3, pp. 45–64). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Hanin, Y.L. (1989). Interpersonal and intragroup anxiety in sports. In Hackfort, D. & Spielberger, C.D. (Eds.), Anxiety in sport: An international perspective (pp. 19–28). New York: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Hanin, Y.L. (1994a). Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) model: An idiographic approach to performance anxiety. In Straub, W. & Henshen, K. (Eds.), Sport psychology: An analysis of athlete's behavior (3rd ed., pp. 250–292). Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications.Google Scholar
Hanin, Y.L. (1994b, April). Idiographic assessment of performance emotions: A computerized program using the IZOF methodology. Proceedings of the 1st National Congress of Elite Finnish Coaches (pp. 123–128). Jyväskyla, Finland.Google Scholar
Harger, G.J., & Raglin, S.J. (1994). Correspondence between actual and recalled precompetition anxiety in collegiate track and field athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 206–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imlay, G.S., Carda, R.D., Stanbrough, M.E., Dreiling, A.M., & O'Connor, P.J. (1995). Anxiety and performance: A test of zone of optimal functioning theory. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 295–306.Google Scholar
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Swain, A. (1994). Intensity and interpretation of anxiety symptoms in elite and non-elite sports performers. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 657–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krane, V. (1993). A practical application of the anxiety-athletic performance relationship: The zone of optimal functioning hypothesis. The Sport Psychologist, 7, 113–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landers, D.M., & Boutcher, S.H. (1986). Arousal-performance relationship. In Williams, J. (Ed.), Applied sport psychology (pp. 163–183). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.Google Scholar
Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R.S., Bump, L.A., & Smith, D. (1990). The development of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117–190). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Pons, D. (1994). Un estudio sobre la relación entre ansiedad y rendimiento en jugadores de golf. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.Google Scholar
Raglin, J.S. (1992). Anxiety and sport performance. In Holloszy, J.O. (Ed.), Exercise and sports sciences reviews (Vol. 20, pp. 243–273). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Raglin, J.S., & Morgan, W.P. (1988). Predicted and actual precompetition anxiety in college swimmers. Journal of Swimming Research, 4, 5–7.Google Scholar
Raglin, J.S., & Morris, M.J. (1994). Precompetition anxiety in woman volleyball players: A test of ZOF theory in a team sport. British Journal of Sport Medicine 28, 47–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raglin, J.S., & Turner, P.E. (1992). Predicted, actual and optimal precompetition anxiety in adolescent track and field athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science Sports, 2, 148–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raglin, J.S., & Turner, P.E. (1993). Anxiety and performance in track and field athletes: A comparison of the inverted-U hypothesis with zone of optimal functioning theory. Personality and Individual Differences 4, 163–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raglin, J.S., Morgan, W.P., & Wise, K.J. (1990). Pre-competition anxiety and performance in female high school swimmers: A test of optimal functioning theory. International Journal of Sport Medicine, 11, 171–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roca, J., Pérez, G., & Lázaro, I. (1991). Determinación del nivel óptimo de ansiedad en el alto rendimiento competitivo: contribución de los componentes somáticos y cognitivos. Revista de Investigación y Documentación sobre las Ciencias de la Educación Física y del Deporte, 7, 71–79.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., Gorusch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.Google Scholar
(Spanish translation: Spielberger, C.D., Gorusch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1988). Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo [STAI]. Madrid: TEA.)Google Scholar
Turner, P.E., & Raglin, J.S. (1996). Variability in precompetition anxiety and performance in college track and field athletes. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 28, 378–385.Google ScholarPubMed
Woodman, T., Albison, J.G., & Hardy, L. (1997). An investigation of the zones of optimal functioning hypothesis within a multidimensional framework. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar