Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T04:22:58.628Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales across Gender and Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
Mercedes Paino
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
Serafín Lemos-Giráldez
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
Susana Sierra-Baigrie
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
José Muñiz
Affiliation:
Universidad de Oviedo (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero. Facultad de Psicología. Plaza Feijoo, s/n. Oviedo 33003. (Spain). Phone: +34-985103272. Fax: +34-985104144. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales are among the most widely used instruments for the assessment of psychosis proneness. The main goal of the present work was to study the dimensional structure underlying the Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RPhA), the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS), the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS) and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS). It was also explored whether the dimensions underlying these scales were invariant across gender and age. The sample was made up of 710 university students with a mean age of 19.8 years (SD = 1.9). The results showed that the dimensional structure of the Wisconsin scales was similar to that found in previous studies, displaying a Positive dimension and a Negative dimension, the Social Anhedonia Scale being related to both dimensions. Moreover, the factor structure of the schizotypy scales was found to be invariant across participants' gender and age.

Las escalas de esquizotipia de Wisconsin son unos de los instrumentos de medida más utilizados para la evaluación de la propensión a la psicosis. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la estructura dimensional subyacente a la Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RPhA), la Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS), la Magical Ideation Scale (MIS) y la Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS). Asimismo, también se exploró si las dimensiones de la esquizotipia se mostraban invariantes en función del sexo y la edad de los participantes. La muestra final la formaron 710 universitarios con una media de edad de 19,8 años (DT = 1.9). Los resultados mostraron que la estructura dimensional de las escalas de Wisconsin fue similar a la encontrada en estudios previos, mostrando una dimensión Positiva y una dimensión Negativa de la esquizotipia, en donde la faceta anhedonia social se relacionaba con ambas dimensiones. Más aun, la estructura factorial de las escalas de esquizotipia se mostró invariante en función del sexo y la edad de los participantes.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Badcock, J. C., & Dragovic, M. (2006). Schizotypal personality in mature adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 7785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bora, E., & Arabaci, L. A. (2009). Effect of age and gender on schizotypal personality traits in the normal population. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 63, 663669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Lewandowski, K. E., & Kwapil, T. R. (2008). The relationship of social anxiety and social anhedonia to psychometrically identified schizotypy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 127149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20, 872882.Google ScholarPubMed
Byrne, B. M., & Stewart, S. M. (2006). The MACS approach to testing for multigroup invariance of a second-order structure: A walk through the process. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 287321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claridge, G. (1997). Schizotypy: Implications for illness and health. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J. P., Chapman, L. J., & Kwapil, T. R. (1995). Scales for the measurement of schizotypy. In Raine, A., Lencz, T., & Mednick, S. A. (Eds.), Schizotypal Personality (pp. 79106). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J. P., Chapman, L. J., & Raulin, M. L. (1976). Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 374382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1983). Infrecuency Scale: (Unplublished questionnaire). University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Rawlin, M. L. (1978). Body-image aberration in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 399407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chmielewski, M., Fernandes, L. O., Yee, C. M., & Miller, G. A. (1995). Ethnicity and gender in scales of psychosis proneness and mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 464470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L. J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckblad, M., Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Mishlove, M. (1982). The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. (Unpublished manuscript). University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Muñiz, J., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., & Villazón-García, U. (2010). ESQUIZO-Q: Cuestionario Oviedo para la Evaluación de la Esquizotipia [ESQUIZO-Q: Oviedo Questionnaire for Schizotypy Assessment]. Madrid: TEA ediciones.Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Muñiz, J., García-Cueto, E., & Campillo-Álvarez, A. (2008). Schizotypy in adolescence: The role of gender and age. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 161165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., Sierra-Baigrie, S., Villazón-García, U., & Muñiz, J. (2009). Experiencias psicóticas atenuadas en población adolescente [Attenuated psychotic experiences in adolescents]. Papeles del Psicólogo, 30, 6373.Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., Villazón-García, U., & Muñiz, J. (2010). Schizotypal traits, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and social functioning in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 7177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Paino, M., Villazón-García, U., & Muñiz, J. (2009). Validation of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief form in adolescents. Schizophrenia Research, 111, 5360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Muñiz, J., Lemos-Giráldez, S., García-Cueto, E., Campillo-Álvarez, A., & Villazón García, U. (2007). Multidimensionality of schizotypy under review. Papeles del Psicólogo, 28, 117126.Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., García-Cueto, E., Campillo-Álvarez, A., Villazón-García, U. et al. , (2008). Schizotypy assessment: State of the art and future prospects. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 577593.Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., García-Cueto, E., Villazón-García, U., & Muñiz, J. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Perceptual Aberration Scale and the Magical Ideation Scale in Spanish college students. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9, 299312.Google Scholar
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., García-Cueto, E., Villazón-García, U., & Muñiz, J. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales in non-clinical young adults. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12, 815822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Paino, M., Lemos-Giráldez, S., Villazón-García, U., García-Cueto, E., Bobes, J. et al. , (2009). Versión reducida del Cuestionario TPSQ de Estilos Perceptuales y de Pensamiento. [A reduced version of Thinking and Perceptual Style Questionnaire (TPSQ)] Psicothema, 21, 499505.Google Scholar
Fossati, A., Raine, A., Carretta, I., Leonardi, B., & Maffei, C. (2003). The three-factor model of schizotypal personality: Invariance across age and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 10071019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooding, D. C., Tallent, K. A., & Matts, C. W. (2005). Clinical status of at-risk individuals 5 years later: Further validation of the psychometric high-risk strategy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 170175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement equivalence in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jöreskorg, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8 user's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.Google Scholar
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2 ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kwapil, T. R. (1998). Social Anhedonia as a predictor of the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 558565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwapil, T. R., Barrantes Vidal, N., & Silvia, P. J. (2008). The dimensional structure of the Wisconsin schizotypy scales: Factor identification and construct validity. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 444457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwapil, T. R., Crump, R. A., & Pickup, D. R. (2002). Assessment of psychosis proneness in African-American college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 16011614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenzenweger, M. F., & Dworkin, R. H. (1996). The dimensions of schizophrenia phenomenology. Not one or two, at least three, perhaps four. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 432440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenzenweger, M. F., Miller, A. B., Maher, B. A., & Manschreck, T. C. (2007). Schizotypy and individual differences in the frequency of normal associations in verbal utterances. Schizophrenia Research, 95, 96102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewandowski, K. E., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Nelson-Gray, R. O., Clancy, C., Kepley, H. O., & Kwapil, T. R. (2006). Anxiety and depression symptoms in psychometrically identified schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research, 83, 225235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the questions, weighing and merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, O., & Claridge, G. (2006). The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE): Further description and extended norms. Schizophrenia Research, 82, 203211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, T. D., & Hautzinger, M. (1999). Two-year stability of psychosis proneness scales and their relations to personality disorder traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 472488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miettunen, J., & Jääskeläinen, E. (2010). Sex differences in Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 347358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muntaner, C., García-Sevilla, L., Fernández, A., & Torrubia, R. (1988). Personality dimensions, schizotypal and bordeline traits and psychosis proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 257268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paino, M. M., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., Lemos-Giráldez, S., & Muñiz, J. (2008). Dimensionality of schizotypy in young people according to sex and age. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 132138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A. (2006). Schizotypal personality: Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 291326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C. A., Raine, A., Mellingen, K., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2000). Three-factor model of schizotypal personality: Invariance across culture, gender, religious affiliation, family adversity, and psychopathology. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 603618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rusticus, S. A., Hubley, A. M., & Zumbo, B. D. (2008). Measurement Invariance of the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory Across Age and Gender. Assessment, 15, 6071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 179185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wuthrich, V., & Bates, T. C. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of the three-factor structure of the schizotypal personality questionnaire and Chapman schizotypy scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 292304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed