Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T20:02:34.093Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Spanish and Chilean Standardizations of the Personality Assessment Inventory: the Influence of Sex

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Margarita Ortiz-Tallo ,
Violeta Cardenal ,
Marta Ferragut  and
Pablo Santamaría
Margarita Ortiz-Tallo*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Málaga (Spain)
Violeta Cardenal
Affiliation:
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain)
Marta Ferragut
Affiliation:
Universidad de Málaga (Spain)
Pablo Santamaría
Affiliation:
TEA Ediciones (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed Margarita Ortiz-Tallo, Department of Personality, Faculty of Psychology. Campus de Teatinos. Universidad de Málaga. 29071. Málaga (Spain). Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

There is growing interest in the adaptation of psychological questionnaires in different countries, due to the need for cross-cultural research using the same tests adapted to diverse populations. This paper presents the standardization of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991, 2007) in Spain and Chile (both Spanish-speaking countries). The Spanish sample was made up of 940 people (461 men and 479 women), and the Chilean sample of 569 people (231 men and 338 women). Results revealed that the Chilean means were higher than those of the Spanish sample at confidence level 99.9%, although the associated effect sizes were generally small to moderate (partial eta-square between 0.008 and 0.187). Sex differences in the variables evaluated were commented on, and the importance of cross-cultural research and the influence of sex on personality and psychopathology variables were discussed.

Keywords

questionnaire adaptationcross-cultural studiessex differencesPersonality Assessment Inventory
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 18 , 2015 , E48
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adel, A., Grimm, G., Mogge, N., & Sharp, T. (2006). Prevalence of personality disorders at a rural state psychiatric hospital. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, 1, 1–5.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2003). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Angst, J., & Dobler-Mikola, A. (1985). The Zurich Study: V. Anxiety and phobia in young adults. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 235, 171–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380989 Google Scholar
Belter, R. W., & Piotrowski, C. (2001). Current status of doctoral-level training in psychological testing. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 717–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1044 Google Scholar
Booth, T., & Irwin, P. (2011). Sex differences in the 16PF5, test of measurement invariance and mean differences in the US standardization sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 553–558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.026 Google Scholar
Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P., Peterson, E. L., & Schultz, L. R. (1997). Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1044–1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230082012 Google Scholar
Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., … Keller, M. B. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1179–1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179 Google Scholar
Cale, E., & Lilienfield, S. O. (2002). Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1179–1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00125-8 Google Scholar
Cancino, C., Ortiz-Tallo, M., Santamaría, P., & Cardenal, V. (in press). Adaptación chilena del PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory) de L. Morey. Vol. I y II [Chilean adaptation of the PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory) of L. Morey. Vol I and II]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar
Carrillo, J. M., Rojo, N., & Staats, A. W. (2003). Women and vulnerability to depression: Some personality and clinical factors. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 7, 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600004728 Google Scholar
Cerezo, M. V., Ortiz-Tallo, M., & Cardenal, V. (2009). Expresión de emociones y bienestar en un grupo de mujeres con cáncer de mama: Una intervención psicológica [Expression of emotions and well-being in a group of women with breast cancer: A psychological intervention]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 41, 131–140.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality across culture: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.2.322 Google Scholar
Cyranoski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender differences in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21 Google Scholar
Dufey, M., Fernández, A. M., & Morgues, C. (2011). Assessment of the behavioral –inhibition system and the behavioral approach system: Adaptation and validation of the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) in a Chilean sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 432–440. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.39 Google Scholar
Florenzano, R., Weil, K., Acuña, J., Fullerto, C., Cruz, C., Muñiz, C., & Leighton, C. (2002). Personalidad limítrofe, somatización, trauma y violencia infantil: un nuevo estudio con muestra mayor [Borderline personality, somatization disorder, trauma and child violence: A new study with a larger sample]. Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 19, 149–155.Google Scholar
Furnham, A., & Trickey, G. (2011). Sex differences in the dark side traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 517–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.021 Google Scholar
Groves, J., & Engel, R. (2007). The German adaptation and standardization of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890709336834 Google Scholar
Johnson, D., Shea, M., Yen, S., Battle, C., Zlotnick, C., Sanislow, C., … Zanarini, M. C. (2003). Gender differences in borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44, 284–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00090-7 Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S. … Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 Google Scholar
Kurtz, J. E., & Blais, M. A. (2007). Introduction to the special issue on the Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890709336828 Google Scholar
Lally, S. J. (2003). What tests are acceptable for use in forensic evaluations? A survey of experts. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 491–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.5.491 Google Scholar
Lippa, R. (2010). Sex differences in personality traits and gender-related occupational preferences across 53 nations: Testing evolutionary and social-environmental theories. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 619–636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9380-7 Google Scholar
Loinaz, I., Echeburúa, E., & Torrubia, R. (2010). Tipología de agresores contra la pareja en prisión [Typology of incarcerated partner assailants]. Psicothema, 22, 106–111.Google Scholar
Loinaz, I., Ortiz-Tallo, M., & Ferragut, M. (2012). MCMI-III Grossman personality facets among partner-violent men in prison. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 389–404.Google Scholar
Loinaz, I., Ortiz-Tallo, M., Sánchez, L. M., & Ferragut, M. (2011). Clasificación multiaxial de agresores de pareja en centros penitenciarios [Multiaxial classification of incarcerated partner assailants]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11, 249–268.Google Scholar
Lyrakos, D. G. (2011). The development of the Greek Personality Assessment Inventory. Psychology, 2, 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.28122 Google Scholar
McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1027–1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006 Google Scholar
Mestre, V., Frias, D., & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: Análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index [The measure of empathy: Analysis of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index]. Psicothema, 16, 255–260.Google Scholar
Millon, T., & Davis, R. (1996) Disorders of personality: DSM IV and beyond (2nd Ed.) New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Millon, T., Davis, R., & Millon, C. (1997). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III). Minneapolis, MN: Pearson.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory. Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality Assessment Inventory. Professional manual (2 nd Ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Ortiz-Tallo, M., Cardenal, V., Ferragut, M., & Cerezo, M. V. (2011). Personalidad y síndromes clínicos: Un estudio con el MCMI-III basado en una muestra española [Personality and clinical syndromes: A study with the MCMI-III based on a Spanish sample]. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 16, 49–59.Google Scholar
Ortiz-Tallo, M., Fierro, A., Blanca, M. J., Cardenal, V., & Sánchez, L. M. (2006). Factores de personalidad y delitos violentos [Personality factors and violent crimes]. Psicothema, 18, 459–464.Google Scholar
Ortiz-Tallo, M., Santamaría, P., Cardenal, V., & Sánchez, M. P. (2011). Adaptación al español del PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory), de L. Morey. Vol I: Manual de aplicación y corrección y Vol. II: Manual técnico [Adaptation to Spanish of PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory), of L. Morey. Vol I: Application and correction manual and Vol. II: Technical manual] . Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24, 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(90)90031-K Google Scholar
Sánchez-López, M. P., López-García, J. J., Dresch, V., & Corbalán, J. (2008). Sociodemographic, psychological and health-related factors associated with poor mental health in Spanish women and men in midlife. Women & Health 48, 445–465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03630240802575096 Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can’t a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 168–182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168 Google Scholar
Sweeting, H., & West, P. (2003). Young people’s leisure and risk-taking behaviors: Changes in gender patterning in the West of Scotland during the 1990s. Journal of Youth Studies, 6, 391–412.Google Scholar
Zlotnick, C., Johnson, J., Kohn, R., Vicente, B., Rioseco, P., & Saldivia, S. (2006). Epidemiology of trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and comorbid disorders in Chile. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1523–1533.Google Scholar