Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T02:09:17.496Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Short Depressive Rumination Scale in a Nonclinical Sample

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2018

Jorge Javier Ricarte ,
Eva Aizpurúa ,
Laura Ros ,
José Miguel Latorre  and
Filip Raes
Jorge Javier Ricarte
Affiliation:
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)
Eva Aizpurúa
Affiliation:
Trinity College Dublin (Ireland)
Laura Ros*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)
José Miguel Latorre
Affiliation:
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)
Filip Raes
Affiliation:
University of Leuven (Belgium)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Laura Ros Segura. Departamento de Psicología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Albacete (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is considered a transdiagnostic variable underlying common symptoms (e.g., depressed mood) across various mood disorders. Depressive rumination is one typical and frequent manifestation of RNT and is a well-known vulnerability factor of depression onset, maintenance and recurrence. Due to the time-related constraints in assessment settings and the association of rumination on sadness with diagnosis of depression, the rapid identification of individuals scoring high on this construct may become a useful screening tool in non-clinical samples. The main aim of the present study was to test the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Short Depressive Rumination Scale (SDRS) in a large sample (N = 649). Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a one-factor model accounting for 75% of variance with an excellent internal consistency (α = .93) in spite of the reduced number of items (4 items). Criterion validity results based on associations with other well-established rumination (sub)scales, age, scores in depression and gender differences, were congruent. The results suggest that the SDRS, the shortest existing scale assessing depressive rumination to our knowledge, can be a useful instrument for a rapid assessment of depressive rumination in community samples.

Keywords

depressionnegative repetitive thinkingShort Rumiation Scale
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 21 , 2018 , E34
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armey, M. F., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., … Alloy, L. B. (2009). Brooding and pondering: Isolating the active ingredients of depressive rumination with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Assessment, 16, 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191109340388CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (2001). Relation of rumination and distraction with neuroticism and extraversion in a sample of patients with major depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026430900363CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1984). Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1365–1367. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198411)40:6%3C1365::AID-JCLP2270400615%3E3.0.CO;2-D3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, M., Csank, P. A. R., Holm, S. L., & Blake, C. K. (2000). On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404–425. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7503_04CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekkers, W., Korrelboom, K., Huijbrechts, I., Smits, N., Cuijpers, P., & van der Gaag, M. (2011). Competitive Memory Training for treating depression and rumination in depressed older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 49, 588–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erskine, J. A. K., Kvavilashvili, L., Conway, M. A., & Myers, L. (2007). The effects of age on psychopathology, well-being and repressive coping. Aging & Mental Health, 11, 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860600963737CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Extremera, N., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2006). Validity and reliability of Spanish versions of the Ruminative Responses Scale-Short Form and the Distraction Responses Scale in a sample of Spanish high school and college students. Psychological Reports, 98, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.98.1.141-150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014517718949CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, J. W., & Raes, F. (2015). Factor structure of the Ruminative Responses Scale: A community-sample study. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 31, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haigh, E. A. P., Fresco, D. M., & Armey, M. (2004, November). Brooding and pondering: Isolating the active ingredients of depressive rumination with confirmatory factor analysis in an adult clinical sample. A poster session presented at the 38th annual convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Hervás, G. (2008). Adaptación al castellano de un instrumento para evaluar el estilo rumiativo: La escala de respuestas rumiativas [Spanish adaptation of an instrument to evaluate rumination style: The scale of ruminative responses]. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 13, 111–121.Google Scholar
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jose, P. E., & Brown, I. (2008). When does the gender difference in rumination begin? Gender and age differences in the use of rumination by adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9166-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kertz, S. J., Koran, J., Stevens, K. T., & Björgvinsson, T. (2015). Repetitive negative thinking predicts depression and anxiety symptom improvement during brief cognitive behavioral therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, M. M., Fernández-Berrocal, P., Extremera, N., & Queirós, P. S. (2006). Physical activity in the elderly: Analysis of relations to perceived emotional intelligence and styles of response to depression. Ansiedad y Estrés, 12, 293–303.Google Scholar
Lopez, C. M., Driscoll, K. A., & Kistner, J. A. (2009). Sex differences and response styles: Subtypes of rumination and associations with depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802575412CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In Wyer, R. S. (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp. 1–47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Matthews, G. & Wells, A., (2004). Rumination, depression and metacognition: The S-REF Model. In Papageorgiou, C. & Wells, A. (Eds.), Depressive rumination. Nature, theory and treatment (pp. 125–151). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user’s guide. Seventh edition. Los Angeles, CA: Author.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). ‘‘Thanks for sharing that’’: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (1999). Process and metacognitive dimensions of depressive and anxious thoughts and relationships with emotional intensity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<156::AID-CPP196>3.0.CO;2-A3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987). Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., & Eelen, P. (2007). A sentence completion procedure as an alternative to the Autobiographical Memory Test for assessing overgeneral memory in non-clinical populations. Memory, 15, 495–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701390982CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raes, F., Hermans, D., de Decker, A., Eelen, P., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Autobiographical memory specificity and affect regulation: An experimental approach. Emotion, 3, 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.2.201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., Bijttebier, P., & Eelen, P. (2008). A “Triple W”- model of rumination on sadness: Why am I feeling sad, what’s the meaning of my sadness, and wish I could stop thinking about my sadness (but I can’t!). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 526–541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-007-9137-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricarte, J. J., Navarro, B., Latorre, J. M., Ros, L., & Watkins, E. (2016a). Age and gender differences in emotion regulation strategies: Autobiographical memory, rumination, problem solving and distraction. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E43. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricarte, J. J., Ros, L., Serrano, J. P., Martínez-Lorca, M., & Latorre, J. M. (2016b). Age differences in rumination and autobiographical retrieval. Aging and Mental Health, 20, 1063–1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1060944yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 401–423. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018713313894CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ros, L., Latorre, J. M., Serrano, J. P., & Ricarte, J. J. (2017). Overgeneral autobiographical memory in healthy young and older adults: Differential age effects on components of the capture and rumination, functional avoidance, and impaired executive control (CaRFAX) model. Psychology and Aging, 32, 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ros, L., Ricarte, J. J. Serrano, J. P., Nieto, M., Aguilar, M. J., & Latorre, J. M. (2014). Overgeneral autobiographical memories: Gender differences in depression. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseeuw, P. J., & Leroy, A. M. (1987). Robust regression and outlier detection. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanz, J., Perdigón, A. L., & Vázquez, C. (2003). Adaptación española del Inventario para la Depresión de Beck–II (BDI–II): 2. Propiedades psicométricas en población general [The Spanish adaptation of Beck’s Depression Inventory-ll (BDI-II): 2. Psychometric properties in the general population]. Clínica y Salud, 14, 249–280.Google Scholar
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 671–688. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005587311498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, H., Amorin, P., Janaus, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured Diagnostic Psychiatric Interview for DSM–IV and ICD–10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (2011). STAI. Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo [STAI. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory]. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones TEA.Google Scholar
Treynor, W., González, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verstraeten, K., Bijttebier, P., Vasey, M. W., & Raes, F. (2011). Specificity of worry and rumination in the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms in children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 364–378. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466510X532715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, E. (2015). An alternative transdiagnostic mechanistic approach to affective disorders illustrated with research from clinical psychology. Emotion Review, 7, 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915575400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, E. R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035540CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996). Modelling cognition in emotional disorders: The S-REF model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00050-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed