Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:09:42.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Profiles of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in the Elderly

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2015

Herminia Peraita ,
José Chacón ,
Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo  and
Rosario Martínez-Arias
Herminia Peraita*
Affiliation:
UNED (Spain)
José Chacón
Affiliation:
Universidad Complutense (Spain)
Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo
Affiliation:
UNED (Spain)
Rosario Martínez-Arias
Affiliation:
Universidad Complutense (Spain)
*
*Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Herminia Peraita. UNED - Psicología Básica I. Madrid (Spain). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to a set of neuropsychological data with the aim of corroborating the three cognitive profiles of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) described in the literature, namely: healthy, amnestic, non-amnestic, and multidomain. The ultimate purpose of the LCA was to try to find the underlying classification of MCI and related pathologies by means of the participants’ response patterns, rather than on more classical psychometric criteria, such as the standard deviation of the mean. We computed 547 neuropsychological assessments derived from 223 participants who were assessed annually for three consecutive years. The battery included tests of memory, language, executive function, and praxis. The results obtained by means of LCA, with a four-group solution and using the 40th percentile as the criterion, confirm prior classifications obtained with more questionable psychometric criteria, while providing longitudinal data on the course of MCI and the stability of group assignment over time.

Keywords

cognitive profileslatent class analysismild cognitive impairmentneuropsychology
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 18 , 2015 , E90
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alladi, S., Arnold, R., Mitchell, J. Nestor, P. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment: Applicability of research criteria in a memory clinic and characterization of cognitive profile. Psychological Medicine, 36, 507–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705006744 Google Scholar
Allegret, M., Cubera-Borrós, G., Vinyes-Junqué, G., Espinosa, A., Valero, S., Hernández, I., … Boada, M. (2012). A two-year follow-up of cognitive deficits and brain perfusion in Mild Cognitive Impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 30 109–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-111850 Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In Petrov, B. N. & Csaki, F. (Eds.). Second international symposium on information theory (pp. 267–281). Budapest, Hungary: Academiai Kiado.Google Scholar
Artero, S., Petersen, R. C, Touchon, J., & Ritchie, K. (2006). Revised criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment: Validation within a longitudinal population study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 465–470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096287 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedet, M. J., & Alejandre, M. A. (1998). Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España Complutense (TAVEC) [Verbal Learning Test Spain-Complutense]. Madrid, Spain: Publicaciones de Psicología Aplicada.Google Scholar
Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1997). A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 291–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095457949700206X Google Scholar
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968). The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile changes in the cerebral grey matter of older subjects. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 797–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozdogan, H. (1987). Model selection and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC): the general theory and its analytical extensions. Psychometrika, 52, 345–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02294361 Google Scholar
Brandt, J., Aretouli, E., Neijstrom, E., Samek, J., Manning, K., Albert, M. S, & Bandeen-Roche, K. (2009). Selectivity of executive function deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 23, 607–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015851 Google Scholar
Busse, A., Hensel, A., Gühne, U., Angermeyer, M. C., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment. Long-term course of four clinical subtypes. Neurology, 67, 2176–2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000249117.23318.e1 Google Scholar
Caffara, P., Ghetti, C., Concari, L., & Venneri, A. (2008). Differential patterns of hypoperfusion in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. The Open Neuroimaging Journal, 2, 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874440000802010020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cespón, J., Galdo-Álvarez, S., & Díaz, F. (2013). Electrophysiological correlates of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in a Simon task. PLoS ONE, 8, e81506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081506 Google Scholar
Cespón, J., Galdo-Álvarez, S., Pereiro, A. X., & Díaz, F. (2014). Differences between mild cognitive impairment subtypes as indicated by even-related potential correlates of cognitive and motor processes in a Simon task. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 43, 631–647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-132774 Google Scholar
Clément, F., & Belleville, S. (2010). Compensation and disease severity on the memory-related activations in mild cognitive impairment. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 894–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis for the social, behavioral, and health sciences. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Comijs, H. C., Dik, M. G., Deeg, D. J. H., & Jonker, C. (2004). The course of cognitive decline in older persons: Results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 17, 136–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000076346 Google Scholar
Díaz-Mardomingo, M. C., Chacón, J., Martínez, M. R., & Peraita, H. (2012). Dimensiones cognitivas de una batería de test neuropsicológicos obtenidas mediante un análisis factorial. Aplicación a un estudio longitudinal sobre deterioro cognitivo ligero [Cognitive dimensions of a neuropsychological battery obtained by factorial analysis. Application to a longitudinal study on MCI]. Psicothema, 24, 587–593.Google Scholar
Díaz, C., & Peraita, H. (2008). Detección precoz del deterioro cognitivo ligero de la tercera edad [Early detection of MCI in the aging]. Psicothema, 20, 438–444.Google Scholar
Díaz, C., García, S., & Peraita, H. (2010). Detección precoz del DCL y conversión a la enfermedad de Alzheimer: Un estudio longitudinal de casos [Early detection of MCI and conversion to AD. A longitudinal study base on individual cases] Psicogeriatría. 2, 105–111.Google Scholar
Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., Cummings, J. L., Dekosky, S. T., Barberger-Gateau, , … de Souza, L. C. (2010). Revising the definition of Alzheimer’s disease: A new lexicon. Lancet Neurology, 9, 1118–1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70223-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Espinosa, A., Alegret, M., Valero, S., Vinyes-Junqué, G., Hernández, I., Mauleón, A., … Boada, M. (2013). A longitudinal follow-up of 550 Mild Cognitive Impairment patients: Evidence for large conversion to dementia rates and detection of major risk factors involved. Journal Alzheimers Disorders, 34, 769–780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganguli, M., Dodge, H. H., Shen, C. T., & DeKosky, S. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment, amnesic type: An epidemiologic study. Neurology, 63, 115–121.Google Scholar
Ganguli, M., Snitz, B. E., Lee, C-W., Vanderbilt, J., Saxton, J. A., & Chang, C-C. H. (2010). Age and education effects and norms on a cognitive test battery from a population-based cohort: The Monongahela – Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (MYHAT). Aging Mental Health, 14, 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860903071014 Google Scholar
Ganguli, M., Snitz, B. E., Saxton, J. A., Chang, C. C. H., Lee, C-W., Vander Bilt, J., … Petersen, R. C. (2011). Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition: A population study. Archives of Neurology, 68, 761–767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.101 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanza, S. T., & Rhoades, B. L. (2013). Latent class analysis: An alternative perspective on subgroup analysis in prevention and treatment. Prevention Science, 14, 157–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0201-1 Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R., & Schafer, J. L. (2007). PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 671–694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575602 Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T., Lemmon, D., Dziak, J. J., Huang, L., Schafer, J. L., & Collins, L. M. (2010). Proc LCA & Proc LTA Users' Guide Version 1.2.5 Beta. Pennsylvania, PA: The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Lobo, A., Ezquerra, J., Gómez, F., Sala, J. M., & Seva, A. (1979). El Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo. Un test sencillo, práctico, para detectar alteraciones intelectivas en pacientes médicos [The Cognitive MMSE. A simple, functional test to detect intelectual troubles in clinical patients]. Actas Luso Españolas de Neurología Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines, 3, 189–202.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, D. A., Acevedo, A., Small, B. J., Agron, J., Croco, E., & Duara, R. (2009). Stability of different subtypes of mild cognitive impairment among the elderly over a 2- to 3-year follow-up period. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 418–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000211803 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manly, J. J., Tang, M. X., Schupf, N., Stern, Y., Vonsattel, J. P, & Mayeux, R. (2008). Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community. Annals of Neurology, 63, 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21326 Google Scholar
Migliacci, M. L., Scharovsky, D., & Gonorazky, S. E. (2009). Deterioro cognitivo leve: Características neuropsicológicas de los distintos subtipos [Mild cognitive impairment: Neuropsychological caracteristic of different subtypes]. Revista de Neurología, 48, 237–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulet, B., Sánchez-Casas, R., Arrufat, M. T., Figuera, L., Labad, A., & Rosich, M. (2005). Deterioro cognitivo ligero anterior a la enfermedad de Alzheimer: Tipologías y evolución [Mild cognitive impairment previous AD: Typologies and evolution]. Psicothema, 17, 250–256.Google Scholar
Mungas, D., Beckett, L., Harvey, D., Tomaszewski, F. S., Reed, B., Carmichael, O., … DeCarli, C. (2010). Heterogeneity of cognitive trajectories in diverse older persons. Psychology and Aging, 25, 606–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019502 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordlund, A., Rolstad, S., Klang, O., Edman, A., Hansen, S., & Wallin, A. (2010). Two-year outcome of MCI subtypes and aetiologies in the Göteborg MCI study. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 81, 541–546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.171066 Google Scholar
Peña-Casanova, J. (1991). Programa integrado de exploración neuropsicológica ¨Test Barcelona. Normalidad, semiología y patología neuropsicológica [Integrated program for neuropsychological examination. Barcelona Test. Normality, semiology and and neuropsychogical pathologies]. Barcelona, Spain: Masson.Google Scholar
Peña-Casanova, J., Blesa, R., Aguilar, M., Gramunt-Fombuena, N., Gómez-Ansón, B., Oliva, R., … Sol, J. M. (2009). Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA Proyect): Methods and simple characteristics. Archives Clinical of Neuropsychiatry, 24, 307–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp027 Google Scholar
Peraita, H., García-Herranz, S., & Díaz-Mardomingo, C. (2011). Evolution of specific cognitive subprofiles of mild cognitive impairment in a three-year longitudinal study. Current Aging Science, 4, 171–182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874609811104020171 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peraita, H., González-Labra, M. J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., & Galeote, M. (2000). Batería de Evaluación del deterioro de la Memoria Semántica en EA (EMSDA) [Semantic Memory Evaluation Battery in AD]. Psicothema, 12, 192–200.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C, Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C., & Negash, S. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment: An overview. CNS Spectrums, 131(1), 45–43.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Geda, Y. E., Cha, R. H., Pankratz, V. S., … Rocca, W. A. (2010). Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in men. The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Neurology, 75, 889–897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f11d85 Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., … Winblad, B. (2001). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1985–1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985 Google Scholar
Rey, A. (2003). Rey. Test de copia y de reproducción de memoria de figuras geométricas complejas [Rey. Copy and reproduction test of memory geometric complex patterns]. Madrid, Spain: TEA.Google Scholar
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd Ed.). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.Google Scholar
Ritchie, K., Artero, S., & Touchon, J. (2001). Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: A population-based validation study. Neurology, 56, 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.1.37 Google Scholar
Ritchie, K. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment: An epidemiological perspective. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 6, 401–408.Google Scholar
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2008). Categories and Dimensions advancing psychological science through the study of latent structure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 203–207.Google Scholar
Saxton, J., Snitz, B. E., López, O. L., Ives, D. G., Dunn, L. O., Fitzpatrick, A., … DeKosky, S. T. (2009). Functional and cognitive criteria procedure different rates of MCI and conversion to dementia. Journal Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 80, 737–743.Google Scholar
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136 Google Scholar
Sclove, S. L. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52, 333–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02294360 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umesh, U. N., Peterson, R. A., & Sauber, M. H. (1989). Inter judge agreement and the maximum value of kappa. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 835–850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316448904900407 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 7, 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 Google Scholar
Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Li, K. Z. H. (2000). Human memory. In Craik, F. I. M., Salthouse, T. A., (Ed.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd Ed). (pp. 293–357). Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar