Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T06:13:53.000Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Accounting for the Consequences of Tobacco Dependence on Cravings, Self-efficacy, and Motivation to Quit: Consideration of Identity Concerns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2020

Jérôme Blondé Open the ORCID record for Jérôme Blondé [Opens in a new window]  and
Juan M. Falomir-Pichastor Open the ORCID record for Juan M. Falomir-Pichastor [Opens in a new window]
Jérôme Blondé*
Affiliation:
Université de Genève (Switzerland)
Juan M. Falomir-Pichastor
Affiliation:
Université de Genève (Switzerland)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jérôme Blondé. Université de Genève. Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l’Éducation. Unité de psychologie sociale. 1211 Genève (Switzerland). E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Tobacco dependence has been found to increase smoking cravings, and reduce both self-efficacy and motivation to quit. The present research proposes to test the hypothesis that such negative consequences are related to identity concerns and should thus appear more strongly in dependent smokers with a high (vs. low) smoker identity. In two correlational studies, daily smokers (Study 1: N = 237; Study 2: N = 154) were assessed for tobacco dependence, smoker identity, self-efficacy, craving to smoke (Study 1), and motivation to quit (Study 2). Among smokers who declared to be strongly dependent, those scoring high in smoker identity reported more smoking cravings (β = .28, p = .008, 95% CI [0.084, 0.563], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .03) and less motivation to quit than those scoring low (β = –.58, p = .003, 95% CI [–1.379, –0.282], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .06). Smoker identity was unrelated to these variables among non-dependent smokers (ps > .40). The relationship between tobacco dependence and self-efficacy was not affected by smoker identity (ps > .45). Through these studies, we provided evidence that the implications of tobacco dependence on smoking maintenance and difficulties in quitting may be, in part, explained by identity mechanisms.

Keywords

motivation to quitself-efficacysmoker identitysmoking cravingstobacco dependence
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 23 , 2020 , e34
Copyright
© Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Conflicts of Interest. None.

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

References

Buckingham, S. A., Frings, D., & Albery, I. P. (2013). Group membership and social identity in addiction recovery. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1132–1140. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0032480CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, L. S., Tiffany, S. T., & Christen, A. G. (2001). Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-brief) in laboratory and clinical settings. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 3(1), 7–16. http://doi.org/10.1080/14622200020032051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, M. S., Shiffman, S., Kirchner, T., Tindle, H. A., & Scholl, S. M. (2014). Nicotine dependence, “background” and cue-induced craving and smoking in the laboratory. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 197–203. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dupont, P., Tack, V., Blecha, L., Reynaud, M., Benyamina, A., Amirouche, A., & Aubin, H. J. (2015). Smoker’s Identity Scale: Measuring identity in tobacco dependence and its relationship with confidence in quitting. American Journal on Addictions, 24(7), 607–612. http://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J.-F. (2005). A comparison of the content-, construct- and predictive validity of the Cigarette Dependence scale and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 259–268. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J. F. (2008). Comparing the validity of the Cigarette Dependence Scale and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(1–2), 152–159. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J. F., Bergman, M. M., Humair, J. P., & Perneger, T. V. (2000). Development and validation of a scale measuring self-efficacy of current and former smokers. Addiction, 95(6), 901–913. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9569017.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J. F., Humair, J.-P., Bergman, M. M., & Perneger, T. V. (2000). Development and validation of the attitudes towards smoking scale (ATS–18). Addiction, 95, 613–625. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95461312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etter, J. F., Le Houezec, J., & Perneger, T. V. (2003). A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: The Cigarette Dependence Scale. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 359–370. http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., & Invernizzi, F. (1999). The role of social influence and smoker identity in resistance to smoking cessation. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 58(2), 73–84. http://doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.58.2.73Google Scholar
Freeman, M. A., Hennessy, E. V., & Marzullo, D. M. (2001). Defensive evaluation of anti-smoking messages among college-age smokers: The role of possible selves. Health Psychology, 20(6), 424–433. http://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.6.424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagimoto, A., Nakamura, M., Morita, T., Masui, S., & Oshima, A. (2010). Smoking cessation patterns and predictors of quitting smoking among the Japanese general population: A 1-year follow-up study. Addiction, 105(1), 164–173. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02735.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heather, N., Best, D., Kawalek, A., Field, M., Lewis, M., Rotgers, F., Wiers, R. W., & Heim, D. (2018). Challenging the brain disease model of addiction: European launch of the addiction theory network. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(4), 249–255. http://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1399659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, A. W., & Mermelstein, R. J. (2016). Smoker identity development among adolescents who smoke. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(4), 475–483. http://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Høie, M., Moan, I. S., & Rise, J. (2010). An extended version of the theory of planned behavior: Prediction of intentions to quit smoking using past behavior as moderator. Addiction Research & Theory, 18, 572–585. http://doi.org/10.3109/16066350903474386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, U., Meyer, C., Hapke, U., Rumpf, H.-J., & Schumann, A. (2004). Nicotine dependence, quit attempts, and quitting among smokers in a regional population sample from a country with a high prevalence of tobacco smoking. Preventive Medicine, 38(3), 350–358. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.11.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, J. L., Lovato, C. Y., Maggi, S., Ratner, P. A., Shoveller, J., Baillie, L., & Kalaw, C. (2003). Smoking and adolescence: Narratives of identity. Research in Nursing & Health, 26, 387–397. http://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R. (2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144–165. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, E., Tatum, K. L., Glass, M., Bernath, A., Ferris, D., Reynolds, P., & Schnoll, R. A. (2010). Correlates of smoking cessation self-efficacy in a community sample of smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 175–178. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConnell, A. R. (2011). The Multiple Self-Aspects Framework: Self-concept representation and its implications. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 3–27. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310371101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oyserman, D., Fryberg, S. A., & Yoder, N. (2007). Identity-based motivation and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1011–1027. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulvers, K., Scheuermann, T. S., Romero, D. R., Basora, B., Luo, X., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2014). Classifying a smoker scale in adult daily and nondaily smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(5), 591–599. http://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt187CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racicot, S., McGrath, J. J., Karp, I., & O’Loughlin, J. (2013). Predictors of nicotine dependence symptoms among never-smoking adolescents: A longitudinal analysis from the Nicotine Dependence in Teens Study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 130(1–3), 38–44. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shadel, W. G., & Mermelstein, R. (1996). Individual differences in self-concept among smokers attempting to quit: Validation and predictive utility of measures of the smoker self-concept and abstainer self-concept. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18(3), 151–156. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02883391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shadel, W. G., Mermelstein, R., & Borrelli, B. (1996). Self-concept changes over time in cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 21(5), 659–663. http://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(95)00088-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G. & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–37). Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Tarantola, M. E., Heath, A. C., Sher, K. J., & Piasecki, T. M. (2017). WISDM primary and secondary dependence motives: Associations with smoking rate, craving, and cigarette effects in the natural environment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(9), 1073–1079. http://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tombor, I., Shahab, L., Brown, J., & West, R. (2013). Positive smoker identity as a barrier to quitting smoking: Findings from a National Survey of smokers in England. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(2), 740–745. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tombor, I., Shahab, L., Herbec, A., Neale, J., Michie, S., & West, R. (2015). Smoker identity and its potential role in young adults’ smoking behavior: A meta-ethnography. Health Psychology, 34(10), 992-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Putte, B., Yzer, M., Willemsen, M. C., & de Bruijn, G.-J. (2009). The effects of smoking self-identity and quitting self-identity on attempts to quit smoking. Health Psychology, 28(5), 535–544. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015199CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vangeli, E., Stapleton, J., Smit, E. S., Borland, R., & West, R. (2011). Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: A systematic review. Addiction, 106(12), 2110–2121. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, X., Nonnemaker, J., Sherrill, B., Gilsenan, A. W., Coste, F., & West, R. (2009). Attempts to quit smoking and relapse: Factors associated with success or failure from the ATTEMPT cohort study. Addictive Behaviors, 34(4), 365–373. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed