Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T07:47:04.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Survey of Recent Literature on the Biological Past of the Black

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Kenneth F. Kiple
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

It was evident from the very beginning of the colonization of the Americas that the West African had experienced a biological past which differed in significant ways from that of other peoples. For in that beginning, dead Indians began accumulating “in heaps, like bedbugs” as they succumbed to diseases that accompanied the Spanish Conquistadores and their animals from Iberia. But the black slaves who accompanied them as well, did not die, or rather, the Spaniards temporized, “if we did not hang a Negro, he would never die.” In addition to this immunologic hardiness, the black was physically sturdier. Common wisdom had it that he could do the work of four Indians.

Type
The Biological Past of the Black
Information
Social Science History , Volume 10 , Issue 4 , Winter 1986 , pp. 343 - 367
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1986 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamo, S. (1983) “The Broken Promise: Race, Health, and Justice in Rio de Janeiro, 1890-1940,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Alden, D. and Miller, J. C. (forthcoming) “Unwanted Cargoes: The Origins and Dissemination of Smallpox via the Slave Trade from Africa to Brazil.”Google Scholar
Allison, A. C. (1954a) “Protection Afforded by Sickle-cell Trait Against Subtertian Malarial Infection.” British Medical Journal 1: 290–294.Google Scholar
Allison, A. C. (1954b) “The Distribution of the Sickle Cell Trait in East Africa and Elsewhere, and its Apparent Relationship to the Incidence of Subtertian Malaria.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48: 312–318.Google Scholar
Angel, J. and Kelley, J. (1983) “Health Status of Colonial Iron-Worker Slaves.” Journal of Physical Anthropology 60: 170–171.Google Scholar
Ashburn, P. (1947) The Ranks of Death: A Medical History of the Conquest of America. New York.Google Scholar
Ashcroft, M. T. (1965) “A History and General Survey of the Helminth and Protozoal Infections of the West Indies.” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 59: 479–493.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. H. (1958) Bondsmen and Bishops: Slavery and Apprenticeship on the Codrington Plantations of Barbados, 1710-1838. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Buckley, R. N. (1979) Slaves in Red Coats: The British West India Regiments, 1795-1815. New Haven.Google Scholar
Campbell, John (1984) “Work, Pregnancy and Infant Mortality Among Southern Slaves.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 793–812.Google Scholar
Cardell, N. S.and Hopkins, M. M. (1978) “The Effect of Milk Intolerance on the Consumption of Milk by Slaves in 1860.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8: 507–513.Google Scholar
Carroll, P., Palmer, C., and Palerm, A. et al. (1979) “Black Laborers and Their Experience in Colonial Jalapa,” in El Trabajo y Los Trabajadores en La Historia de Mexico. Mexico City.Google Scholar
Carvalho de Mello, P. (1983) “Estimativa da longevidade de escravos no Brasil na segunda metade do seculo XIX.” Estudos Economicos 13: 151–181.Google Scholar
Chandler, D. L. (1972) “Health and Slavery: A Study of Health Conditions Among Negro Slaves in the Viceroyalty of New Granada and its Associated Slave Trade, 1600-1810,” Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane.Google Scholar
Conrad, R. E. [ed.] (1983) Children of God’s Fire: A Documentary History of Black Slavery in Brazil. Princeton.Google Scholar
Cooke, M. (1983) “The Health of Blacks during Reconstruction, 1862-1870,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Cooke, M. (1984) “The Health of Blacks in the District of Columbia, 1860-65.” Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association: 6–14.Google Scholar
Cooper, D. B. (1975) “Brazil’s Long Fight Against Epidemic Diseases, 1849-1917, with Special Emphasis on Yellow Fever.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 51: 672–696.Google Scholar
Corrucini, R., Handler, J., Mutaw, R., and Lange, F. (1982) “Osteology of a Slave Population from Barbados, West Indies.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59: 443–459.Google Scholar
Corruccini, R., Handler, J., and Jacobi, K. (1985) “Chronological Distribution of Enamel Hypoplasias and Weaning in a Caribbean Slave Population.” Human Biology 57: 699–711.Google Scholar
Coutinho, R. (1934) “Alimentação e estado nutricional do escravo no Brasil,” in Estudos Afro-Brasileiros (1 ° Congresso Afro-Brasileiro) Recife.Google Scholar
Craton, M. (1971) “Jamaican Slave Mortality: Fresh Light From Worthy Park, Longville and the Tharp Estates.” Journal of Caribbean History 3: 1–27.Google Scholar
Craton, M. (1975) “Jamaican Slavery,” in Engerman, S. L. and Genovese, E. D. (eds.) Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies. Princeton.Google Scholar
Craton, M. (1976) “Death, Disease and Medicine on Jamaican Slave Plantations: the Example of Worthy Park, 1767-1838.” Histoire Sociale-Social History 18: 237–255.Google Scholar
Craton, M. (1978) “Hobbesian or Panglossian? The Two Extremes of Slave Conditions in the British Caribbean, 1783-1834.” William and Mary Quarterly 35: 324–356.Google Scholar
Craton, M. and Walvin, J. (1970) A Jamaican Plantation: The History of Worthy Park, 1670-1970. Toronto.Google Scholar
Crosby, A. W. (1972) The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, CT.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1961) “The White Man’s Grave: Image and Reality, 1780-1850.” Journal of British Studies 1: 94–101.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1964) The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1750-1850. Madison.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1967) “Epidemiology and the Slave Trade.” Political Science Quarterly 83: 190–216.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1969) The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. (1983) “Nutrition in African History.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 371–382.Google Scholar
Cutright, P. and Shorter, E. (1979) “The Effects of Health on the Completed Fertility of Nonwhite and White U.S. Women Born Between 1867 and 1935.” Journal of Social History 13: 191–217.Google Scholar
Davies, K. G. (1975) “The Living and the Dead: White Mortality in West Africa, 1684-1732,” in Engerman, S. L. and Genovese, E. D. (eds.) Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies. Princeton.Google Scholar
Debian, G. (1964) “La nourriture des esclaves sur les plantations des Antilles Francaises aux xviie et xviiie siecles.” Caribbean Studies 4: 3–27.Google Scholar
Dias, J. R. (1981) “Famine and Disease in the History of Angola, 1830-1930.” Journal of African History 22: 349–378.Google Scholar
Dirks, R. (1978) “Resource Fluctuations and Competitive Transformations in West Indian Slave Societies,” in Laughlin, C. and Brady, I. (eds.) Extinction and Survival in Human Populations. New York.Google Scholar
Dirks, R. (1986) Black Saturnalia. Gainesville, FL.Google Scholar
Domergue, D. (1981) “Le Lutte Contre la Trypanosomiase en Cote d’Ivoire, 1900-1945.” Journal of African History 22: 63–72.Google Scholar
Dubish, J. (1985) “Low Country Fevers: Cultural Adaptations to Malaria in Antebellum South Carolina.” Social Science and Medicine 21: 641–649.Google Scholar
Duffy, J. (1959) “Medical Practice in the Antebellum South.” Journal of Southern History 25: 53–72.Google Scholar
Eblen, J. E. (1974) “On the Natural Increase of Slave Populations: The Example of the Cuban Slave Population, 1775-1900,” in Engerman, S. and Genovese, E. (eds.) Slavery and Race in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies. Princeton.Google Scholar
Eltis, D. (1982) “Nutritional Trends in Africa and the Americas: Heights of Africans 1819-1839.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 12: 453–475.Google Scholar
Eltis, D. (1983) “Free and Coerced Transatlantic Migrations: Some Comparisons.” American Historical Review 88: 251–280.Google Scholar
Eltis, D. (1984) “Mortality and Voyage Length in the Middle Passage: New Evidence from the Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Economic History 44: 301–308.Google Scholar
Eltis, D. (forthcoming) Economic Growth and the Ending of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, C. H. (1984) “The Plantation Archeology of the Southeastern Coast.” Historical Archeology 18: 1–14.Google Scholar
Feinberg, H. M. (1974) “New Data on European Mortality in West Africa: the Dutch on the Gold Coast, 1719-1760.” Journal of African History 15: 357–371.Google Scholar
Fischer, D. H. (1970) Historians’ Fallacies. New York.Google Scholar
Fisher, W. (1968) “Physicians and Slavery in the Antebellum Southern Medical Journals.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 23: 36–49.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. W.and Engerman, S. L. (1974) Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 2 vols. Boston.Google Scholar
Fogel, R. W.and Engerman, S. L. and Floud, R. (1983) “Secular Changes in American and British Stature and Nutrition.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 445–481.Google Scholar
Freitas, O. de (1935) Doenças Africanas no Brasil. São Paulo.Google Scholar
Freyre, G. (1933) Casa-Grande e Senzala, Formação da Familia Brasileira sob o regimen de economia patriarchal. Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Freyre, G. (1936) Sobrados e. Mucambos: Decadencia do Patriarchado rural no Brasil. São Paulo.Google Scholar
Friedman, G. (1982) “The Heights of Slaves in Trinidad.” Social Science History 6:482–515.Google Scholar
Geggus, D. (1982) “The British Army and the Slave Revolt: Saint Domingue in the 1790s.” History Today 32: 35–39.Google Scholar
Gelfand, M. (1971) Diet and Tradition in African Culture. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Genovese, E. D. (1968) “Materialism and Idealism in the History of the Negro Slave in the Americas.” Journal of Southern History 1: 371–394.Google Scholar
Genovese, E. D. (1974) Roll Jordan Roll. New York.Google Scholar
Gibbs, T. et al. (1980) “Nutrition in a Slave Population: An Anthropological Perspective.” Medical Anthropology 4: 175–262.Google Scholar
Goodyear, J. D. (1978) “The Sugar Connection: A New Perspective on the History of Yellow Fever.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 52: 5–21.Google Scholar
Goodyear, J. D. (1982) “Agents of Empire; Portuguese Doctors in Colonial Brazil and the Idea of Tropical Disease,” Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Guerra, F. (1966) “The Influence of Disease on Race, Logistics and Colonization in the Antilles.” Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69: 23–35.Google Scholar
Handler, J. and Corruccini, R. (1983) “Plantation Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 65–90.Google Scholar
Handler, J. and Corruccini, R. (1986) “Weaning among West Indian Slaves: Historical and Bioanthropological Evidence from Barbados.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Series 43: 111–117.Google Scholar
Handler, J. S.and Lange, F. W. (1977) Plantation Slavery in Barbados. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Hartwig, G. W.and Patterson, K. D. [eds.] (1978) Disease in African History. Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Higman, B. W. (1976) Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, 1807-1834. Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Higman, B. W. (1979) “Growth in Afro-American Slave Populations.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50: 373–385.Google Scholar
Higman, B. W. (1984) Slave Populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-34. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Hilliard, S. B. (1972) Hog Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South, 1840-1860. Carbondale, IL.Google Scholar
Hoeppli, R. (1969) Diseases in Africa and the Western Hemisphere: Early Documentation and Transmission by the Slave Trade. Basel.Google Scholar
Hughes, C. and Hunter, J. (1970) “Diseases and Development in Africa.” Social Science and Medicine 3: 443–493.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M. (1966) River Blindness in Nangodi, Northern Ghana: A Hypothesis of Clinical Advance and Retreat.” The Geographical Review 56: 398–416.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M. (1971) “Geography, Genetics and Cultural History: The Case of Lactose Intolerance.” Geographical Review 61: 605–608.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M. (1973) “Geophagy in Africa and the United States: a Culture-Nutrition Hypothesis.” Geographical Review 63: 170–95.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M. (1977) “The Summer Disease: An Integrative Model of the Seasonality Aspects of Childhood Lead Poisoning.” Social Science and Medicine 1: 691–703.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M. (1978) “The Summer Disease: Some Field Evidence on Seasonality in Childhood Lead Poisoning.” Social Science and Medicine 12: 85–94.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M.and Thomas, M. (1984) “Hypothesis of Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Urbanization in Africa.” Social Science and Medicine 19: 27–57.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. M.and DeKleine, R. (1984) “Geophagy in Central America.” The Geographical Review 74: 157–169.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1981) “Smothered Slave Infants: Were Slave Mothers at Fault?” Journal of Southern History 47: 492–520.Google Scholar
Jones, J. H. (1981) Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York.Google Scholar
Jordan, W. D. (1968) White Over Black. Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Jordan, W. (1950) “Plantation Medicine in the Old South.” Alabama Review 3: 83–107.Google Scholar
Karasch, (forthcoming) Slave Life and Culture in Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F. (1984) The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History. New York.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F. (1985) “Cholera and Race in the Caribbean.” Journal of Latin American Studies 17: 157–177.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F.and King, V. H. (1981) Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease, and Racism. New York.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F.and Kiple, V. H. (1977a) “Slave Child Mortality: Some Nutritional Answers to a Perennial Puzzle.” Journal of Social History 10: 284–309.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F.and Kiple, V. H. (1977b) “Black Tongue and Black Men: Pellagra in the Antebellum South.” Journal of Southern History 63: 411–428.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F.and Kiple, V. H. (1977c) “Black Yellow Fever Immunities, Innate and Acquired, as Revealed in the American South.” Social Science History 1: 419–436.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F.and Kiple, V. H. (1980a) “The African Connection: Slavery, Disease and Racism.” Phylon 41: 211–222.Google Scholar
Kiple, K. F.and Kiple, V. H. (1980b) “Slave Nutrition, Disease and Infant Mortality in the Caribbean.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11: 197–215.Google Scholar
Klein, H. S. (1978) The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton.Google Scholar
Klein, H. S.and Engerman, S. L. (1978) “Fertility Differentials Between Slaves in the United States and the British West Indies: A Note on Lactation Practices and Their Possible Implications.” William and Mary Quarterly 32: 357–374.Google Scholar
Koplan, J. P. (1983) “Slave Mortality in Nineteenth Century Grenada.” Social Science History 7: 311–20.Google Scholar
Kulikoff, A. (1977) “A ‘Prolifick’ People: Black Population Growth in the Chesapeake Colonies, 1700-1790.” Southern Studies 16: 396–424.Google Scholar
Lamur, H. (1981) “Demographic Performance of Two Slave Populations in the Dutch Speaking Caribbean.” Boletin de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe 30: 87–102.Google Scholar
Las Casas, B. de (1951) Historia de las Indias, 3 vols. Mexico.Google Scholar
Lee, A. S.and Lee, E. S. (1977) “The Health of Slaves and the Health of Freedmen: A Savannah Study.” Phylon 38: 170–180.Google Scholar
Lewicki, T. (1974) West African Food in the Middle Ages: According to Arabic Sources. London.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. H. (1942) The Biology of the Negro. Chicago.Google Scholar
Margo, R. and Steckel, R. (1982) “The Heights of American Slaves: New Evidence on Slave Nutrition and Health.” Social Science History 6: 516–538.Google Scholar
Mattoso, K. M. de Q. (1974) “Os escravos na Bahia no alvorecer do seculo xix (estudo de um grupo social).” Revista da Historia 47: 109–135.Google Scholar
McBride, D. (1981) “Black Health Care Labor and the Philadelphia Medical Establishment 1910-1965,” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar
McFalls, J. A. (1973) “Impact of VD on the Fertility of the U.S. Black Population, 1880-1950.” Social Biology 20: 2–19.Google Scholar
Miller, J. C. (1980) “Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade: Statistical Evidence on Causality.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11: 385–423.Google Scholar
Miller, J. C. (1982) “The Significance of Drought, Disease and Famine in the Agriculturally Marginal Zones of West-Central Africa.” Journal of African History 23: 17–61.Google Scholar
Miller, J. C. (forthcoming) Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830.Google Scholar
Miller, L. H.et al. (1976) “The Resistance Factor to Plasmodium Vivax in Blacks; the Duffy-Blood-Group-Genotype, FyFy.” New England Journal of Medicine 295: 302–304.Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. (1944) “Health and the Medical Profession in the Lower South, 1845-1860.” Journal of Southern History 10: 424–446.Google Scholar
Moreno Fraginals, M. (1977) “Africa in Cuba: A Quantitative Analysis of the African Population in the Island of Cuba,” in Rubin, V. and Tuden, A. (eds.) Comparative Perspectives on Slavery in New World Plantation Societies. New York Academy of Science, Annals, 292: 187–204.Google Scholar
Motulsky, A. G.and Campbell-Kraut, J. M. (1961) “Population Genetics of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency of the Red Cell,” in Blumberg, B. S. (ed.) Proceedings of the Conference on Genetic Polymorphisms and Geographic Variation in Disease. New York.Google Scholar
Owens, L. H. (1976) This Species of Property: Slave Life and Culture in the Old South. New York.Google Scholar
Palmer, C. (1981) Human Cargoes: The British Slave Trade to Spanish America, 1700-1739. Urbana, Ill.Google Scholar
Patterson, O. (1967) The Sociology of Slavery: An Analysis of the Origins, Development and Structure of Negro Slave Society in Jamaica. London.Google Scholar
Phillips, U. B. (1918) American Negro Slavery. New York.Google Scholar
Phillips, U. B. (1929) Life and Labor in the Old South. Boston.Google Scholar
Postell, W. D. (1951) The Health of Slaves on Southern Plantations. Baton Rouge.Google Scholar
Postell, W. D. (1952) “A Review of Slave Care on Southern Plantations.” Virginia Medical Monthly 79: 101–105.Google Scholar
Postell, W. D. (1953) “Mental Health Among the Slave Populations on Southern Plantations.” American Journal of Psychiatry no: 52–54.Google Scholar
Postell, W. D. (1954) “Survey on the Chronic Illnesses and Physical Impairments among the Slave Populations in the Antebellum South.” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 42: 158–162.Google Scholar
Postell, W. D. (1967) “Slaves and their Life Expectancy.” Bulletin of the Tulane Medical Faculty 26: 7–11.Google Scholar
Puckrein, G. (1979) “Climate, Health and Black Labor in the English Americas.” American Studies 13: 179–193.Google Scholar
Rankin, F. H. (1836) The White Man’s Grave: A Visit to Sierra Leone, in 1834. London.Google Scholar
Ransford, O. (1984) “Bid the Sickness Cease”: Disease in the History of Black Africa. London.Google Scholar
Rathbun, T. A. (1986) “Health and Disease at a South Carolina Plantation: 1840-1870.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology.Google Scholar
Rawley, J. (1981) The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History. New York.Google Scholar
Reitz, E. J., Gibbs, T., and Rathbun, T. A. (1985) “Archaeological Evidence for Subsistence on Coastal Plantations,” in Singleton, T. A. (ed.) Archaeological Studies of the Plantation System. New York.Google Scholar
Roberts, G. W. (1951) “A Life Table for a West Indian Slave Population.” Population Studies 5: 238–242.Google Scholar
Roberts, G. W. (1957) The Population of Jamaica. Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Rousey, D. C. (1985) “Yellow Fever and Black Policemen in Memphis: A Post-Reconstruction Anomaly.” The Journal of Southern History 51: 357–374.Google Scholar
Rout, L. B. (1976) The African Experience in Spanish America. Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1968) Fidalgos and Philanthropists: The Santa Casa da Misericordia of Bahia, 1550-1755. London.Google Scholar
Rutman, D. B.and Rutman, A. H. (1976) “Of Agues and Fevers: Malaria in the Early Chesapeake.” William and Mary Quarterly 33: 31–60.Google Scholar
Savitt, T. L. (1975) “Smothering and Overlaying of Virginia Slave Children: A Suggested Explanation.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 49: 400–404.Google Scholar
Savitt, T. L. (1977) “Filariasis in the United States.” Journal of the History of Medicine 32: 140–150.Google Scholar
Savitt, T. L. (1978) Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia. Urbana.Google Scholar
Savitt, T. L. (1981) “The Invisible Malady: Sickle Cell Anemia in America, 1910-1970.” Journal of the National Medical Association 8: 739–746.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. (1970) “The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia.” Journal of Social History 3: 313–333.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. (1978) “Indian Labor and New World Plantations: European Demands and Indian Responses in Northeastern Brazil.” The American Historical Review 83: 43–79.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. (1985) Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society. Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Sheridan, R. B. (1975) “Mortality and the Medical Treatment of Slaves in the British West Indies,” in Engerman, S. L. and Genovese, E. D. (eds.) Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies. Princeton.Google Scholar
Sheridan, R. B. (1976) The Crisis of Slave Subsistence in the British West Indies During and After the American Revolution.” William and Mary Quarterly 33: 615–641.Google Scholar
Sheridan, R. B. (1982) “The Guinea Surgeons on the Middle Passage: The Provision of Medical Services in the British Slave Trade.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 14: 601–625.Google Scholar
Sheridan, R. B. (1985) Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680-1834. New York.Google Scholar
Shick, T. W. (1971) “A Quantitative Analysis of Liberian Colonization from 1820 to 1843 with Special Reference to Mortality.” Journal of African History 12: 45–59.Google Scholar
Shryock, R. (1930) “Medical Practice in the Old South.” South Atlantic Quarterly 29: 160–178.Google Scholar
Sikes, L. (1968) “Medical Care for Slaves: A Preview of the Welfare State.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 52: 405–413.Google Scholar
Slenes, R. (1976) “The Demography and Economy of Brazilian Slavery,” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Stampp, K. M. (1956) The Peculiar Institution. New York.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. H. (1979a) “Slave Mortality: Analysis of Evidence from Plantation Records.” Social Science History 3: 86–114.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. H. (1979b) “Slave Height Profiles from Coastwise Manifests.” Explorations in Economic History 16: 363–380.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. H. (1982) “The Fertility of American Slaves.” Research in Economic History 7: 239–286.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. H. (1986a) “Birth Weights and Infant Mortality among American Slaves.” Explorations in Economic History 23: 173–198.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. H. (1986b) “A Peculiar Population: The Nutrition, Health, and Mortality of American Slaves from Childhood to Maturity.” Journal of Economic History 46: 721–741.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. H.and Jensen, R. A. (1986) “Determinants of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade.” Journal of Economic History 46: 57–77.Google Scholar
Stein, S. (1957) Vassouras: A Brazilian Coffee County, 1850-1900. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Stewart, Larry (1985) “The Edge of Utility: Slaves and Smallpox in the Early Eighteenth Century.” Medical History 29: 54–70.Google Scholar
Sutch, R. (1975) “The Treatment Received by American Slaves: A Critical Review of the Evidence Presented in Time on the Cross.” Explorations in Economic History 12: 335–438.Google Scholar
Sutch, R. (1976) “The Care and Feeding of Slaves,” in David, Paul A. et al. (eds.) Reckoning with Slavery. New York, 231–301.Google Scholar
Swados, F. (1941) “Negro Health on the Ante Bellum Plantations.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 19: 460–472.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. G. (1982) Eating, Drinking, and Visiting in the South: An Informal History. Baton Rouge.Google Scholar
Torchia, M. M. (1977) “Tuberculosis Among American Negroes: Medical Research on a Racial Disease, 1830-1950.” Journal of the History of Medicine 32: 252–259.Google Scholar
Trussel, J. and Steckel, R. (1978) “The Age of Slaves at Menarche and Their First Birth.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8: 477–505.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1959) “The Epidemiology of Tetanus in the Negro Race over the Last Hundred Years in Antigua, The West Indies.” West Indian Medical Journal 8: 41–49.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960a) “The Birth, Stillbirth, Death, and Fertility Rates of the Coloured Population of Antigua, West Indies from 1857 to 1956.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55: 69–78.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960b) “Infant and Early Childhood Death Rates Over the Last Hundred Years in the Negro Population of Antigua, British West Indies.” British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 14: 185–189.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960c) “The Mortality and Epidemiology of Diphtheria Since 1857 in the Negro Population of Antigua, British West Indies.” West Indian Medical Journal 9: 156–63.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960d) “The Mortality from Leprosy in the Negro Population of Antigua, West Indies from 1857 to 1956.” Leprosy Review 31: 193–199.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960e) “The Mortality and Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever in the Coloured Inhabitants of Antigua, West Indies Over the Last Hundred Years.” West Indian Medical Journal 9: 114–123.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960f) “The Epidemiology and Mortality of Whooping Cough in the Negro Over the Last Hundred Years in Antigua, British West Indies.” West Indian Medical Journal 9: 77–95.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. (1960g) “The Mortality of Yellow Fever in Antigua, West Indies, Since 1857.” West Indian Medical Journal 9: 185–188.Google Scholar
Wall, B. (1950) “Medical Care of Ebenezer Pettigrew’s Slaves.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 37: 451–470.Google Scholar
Weaver, J. L. (1977) “The Case of Black Infant Mortality.” Journal of Health Policy 1: 433–443.Google Scholar
Whitten, D. O. (1977) “Medical Care of Slaves: Louisiana Sugar Region and South Carolina Rice District.” Southern Studies 16: 153–180.Google Scholar
Williams, R. A.[ed.] (1965) Textbook of Black-Related Diseases. New York.Google Scholar
Wilson, T. (1986) “History of Salt Supplies in West Africa and Blood Pressures Today.” Lancet 5: 784–786.Google Scholar
Wood, P. (1974) Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina From 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion. New York.Google Scholar