Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T14:41:29.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the Art of Differentiating: Proletarianization and Illegitimacy in Northern Sweden, 1850–1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Hans Marks
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Recapturing people's experiences as part of understanding specific social and cultural processes leads us to the art of differentiating. We need to ask by whom, when, and why certain developments are defined. All historical sources bring knowledge, often in absolute and definite terms. But sometimes sources depart from the dominant societal discourse. How is one to evaluate the explanatory value of the different sources of interpretation placed hierarchically? This article takes on the evaluation of different discourses surrounding the process defined by historical demography as “rising illegitimate fertility.” Although it will imply a reevaluation of proletarianization processes as well, the central focus will be on illegitimacy.

Type
Special Section: Historical Anthropology of Class Formation
Information
Social Science History , Volume 18 , Issue 1 , Spring 1994 , pp. 95 - 126
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1994 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, M. (1980) Approaches to the History of the Western Family, 1500-1914. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bäckström, I. (1973) “Äktenskapsbildning i Lillhärdals socken 1880-1899.” Unpublished paper, History Department, University of Uppsala.Google Scholar
Björnfot, B., and Sjöberg, M. (1980) “Ensamma med skammen: Barnamörderskor i Väster norrlands i än 1861-1890.” Historisk Tidskrift 3: 320-38.Google Scholar
Carlsson, S. (1977) Fröknar, mamseller, jungfrur och pigor: Ogifta kvinnor i det svenska ståndsamhället. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Carlsson, S. (1978) “Unmarried women in the Swedish society of Estates,” in Åkerman, S., Johansen, H. C., and Gaunt, D. (eds.) Chance and Change. Odense: Odense University Press: 220-26.Google Scholar
Egardt, B. (1962) Hästslakt och rackarskam: En etnologisk undersokning av folkliga fördomar. Stockholm: Nordiska Museet.Google Scholar
Ehmer, J. (1991) Heiratsverhalten, Sozialstruktur, ökonomische Wandel: England und Mitteleuropa in der Formationsperiode des Kapitalismus. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Emigrationsutredningen (1913) Betänkande i utvandringsfrågan och därmed sammanhän-gande spörsmål jämtlikt Kungl. brefvet den 30 Jan. 1907. Afgivet af Gustav Sundbärg. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedts & Söner.Google Scholar
Falck, K. (1957) Salixprasten S.J. Enander. Stockholm: Naturoch Kultur.Google Scholar
Frykman, J. (1975) “Sexual intercourse and social norms: A study of illegitimate births in Sweden, 1831-1933.” Ethnologia Scandinavica 5: 110-50.Google Scholar
Frykman, J. (1977) Horan i bondesamhället. Lund: Liber Läromedel.Google Scholar
Frykman, J. (1991) “Careless love? Reply.” Ethnologia Scandinavica 21:140-43.Google Scholar
Frykman, J., and Löfgren, O. (1987) Culture Builders: A Historical Anthropology of Middle-Class Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Gaunitz, S. (1979) “Local history as a means of understanding economic development: A study of the timber frontier in northern Sweden during the industrialization period.“ Economy and History 22 (1): 18–62.Google Scholar
Gaunt, D. (1980) “Illegitimacy in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century east Sweden,” in Laslett, P., Oosterveen, K., and Smith, R. M. (eds.) Bastardy and Its Comparative History. London: Edward Arnold: 313-26.Google Scholar
Gaunt, D. (1983) Familjeliv i norden. Stockholm: Gidlunds.Google Scholar
Gerard, O. (1957) “‘Feodalism’ i de norrländska sågverksbolagens arrendekontrakt vid sekelskiftet,” in Från Fugger till Kreuger: Studier tillägnade Oscar Bjurling. Lund: Ekonomisk Historiska foreningen/Gleerup: 86–103.Google Scholar
Gidlund, M. (1955) Kyrka och väckelse inom Härnösands stift från 1840-talet till omkring 1880. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Gillis, J. R. (1984) “Peasant, plebeian, and proletarian marriage in Britain, 1600-1900,“ in Levine, D. (ed.) Proletarianization and Family History. Orlando, FL: Academic Press: 129-62.Google Scholar
Goode, W. J. (1961) “Illegitimacy, anomie, and cultural penetration.” American Sociological Review 26 (6): 910-25.Google Scholar
Granberg, E. (1926) “Friarsaker och giftermalsbestyr i det gamla Härjedalen.” Jämten 20: 123-34.Google Scholar
Granberg, E. (1931) “Medskogen och dulleråsen.” Ämten-Jämten 25: 122-30.Google Scholar
Granberg, E. (1941) “Björnsud: Några anteckningar om en hÄrjedalsk folksed,” in Celander, H. et al. (eds.) Folkminnen och Folktankar 28 (1). Göteborg: Elanders boktryckeri: 22–35.Google Scholar
Gullestad, M. (1989) “Small facts and large issues: The anthropology of contemporary Scandinavian society.” Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 71–93.Google Scholar
Gustavsson, A. (1981) “Ritualized behavior: Some research trends in Scandinavian ethnology and folklore in the 1970s.” Ethnologia Europaea 7 (2): 187–217.Google Scholar
Hareven, T. K. (1991) “The history of the family and the complexity of social change.“ American Historical Review 96 (1): 95–124.Google Scholar
Hellspong, M., and Löfgren, O. (1974) Land och stad: Svenska samhällstyper och livs former från medeltid till nutid. Lund: Liber Läromedel.Google Scholar
Herrdin, E. (1982-85) “Anteckningar om folkminnen m.m. från Lövnäsvallen med omnejd (I. II. III.).” Härdalsboken 4:15–36; 5-6: 3-26; 7: 3-9.Google Scholar
Högman, O. (1936) En harjedalsbok: Likt och olikt om och från Lillhärdal. Östersund: Heimbygdas förlag.Google Scholar
Hyrenius, H. (1941) Studier rörande den utomäktenskapliga fruktsamhetens regionala variationer. Lund: Fahlbeckska stiftelsen.Google Scholar
Kälvemark, A. S. (1977) “Att vänta barn nar man gifter sig: Föräktenskapliga förbindelser och giftermålsmönster i 1800-talets Sverige.” Historisk Tidskrift 2: 181-99.Google Scholar
Kälvemark, A. S. (1978) “Hotet mot familjen: Den ogifta modern i Sverige i historiskt perspektiv.“ Historisk Tidskrift 1: 83–101.Google Scholar
Kälvemark, A. S. (1980) “Illegitimacy and marriage in three Swedish parishes in the nineteenth century,” in Laslett, P., Oosterveen, K., and Smith, R. M. (eds.) Bastardy and Its Comparative History. London: Edward Arnold: 327-35.Google Scholar
Kjellman, G. (1979) Bröllopsgåvan: En etnologisk studie av gåvoekonomi. Lund: Liber Läromedel.Google Scholar
Klein, B. (1986) “Swedish folklife research in the 1980s.” Journal of American Folklore 99 (394): 461-69.Google Scholar
Laslett, P. (1971 [1965]) The World We Have Lost. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Laslett, P.(1987) “The character of familial history, its limitations and the conditions for its proper pursuit.” Journal of Family History 12 (1-3): 263-84.Google Scholar
Levine, D., ed. (1984) Proletarianization and Family History. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Levine, D.(1985) “Industrialization and the proletarian family.”Past and Present 107: 168— 203.Google Scholar
Löfgren, O. (1969) “Från nattfrieri till tonårskultur.” Fataburen 25–52.Google Scholar
Löfgren, O. (1974) “Family and household among Scandinavian peasants: An exploratory essay.” Ethnologia Scandinavica 4: 17–52.Google Scholar
Löfgren, O. (1980) “Historical perspectives on Scandinavian peasantries.” Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 187–215.Google Scholar
Marks, H. (1986) Het dal der kleine heren: Ecologie, economie en ethos in een Noord-zweedse gemeenschap, 1850-1981. M.A. thesis, University of Nijmegen (mimeo).Google Scholar
Marks, H. (1991) “Illegitimacy, propriety, marriage and property. Clues in explaining ille gitimacy in Southern Norrland, 1850-1930.” Ethnologia Scandinavica 21: 126-40.Google Scholar
Marks, H. (1992) “Boereneigenwijsheid en arbeiderseigenzinnigheid: Zelfstandigheid en in- dividualisme als aspecten van mentaliteit in Noord-Zweden, 1850-1930.”Focaal 17/ 18: 107-24.Google Scholar
Medick, H. (1976) “The proto-industrial family economy: The structural function of household and family during the transition from peasant society to industrial capitalism.” Social History 1: 291–315.Google Scholar
Medick, H., and Sabean, D. W., eds. (1984) Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship. Cambridge/Paris: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison de Sciences de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Merriman, J. M., ed. (1979) Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe. New York: Holmes & Meier.Google Scholar
Mitterauer, M. (1983) Ledige Mutter: Zur Geschichte unehelicher Geburten in Europa. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Modin, E. (1936-37) “Härjedalska giftermålsseder.“Jämten 30: 180-88; 31: 71-81.Google Scholar
Modin, E.(1952) Modins minnen. Östersund: Bokmalens förlag.Google Scholar
Myrdal, A. (1945) Nation and Family. The Swedish Experiment in Democratic Family and Population Policy. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.Google Scholar
Nylander, I. (1961) Studier rorande den svenska aktenskapsrattens historia. Stockholm: Almqvist &Wiksell.Google Scholar
Öberg, S. (1901) “Från Harjedalen: Anteckningar om folkliv och folktro.” Bidrag till kannedom om de svenska landsmålen och svenskt folkliv 14 (3): 1–23.Google Scholar
O'Neil, B. J. (1987) Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Bastardy, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Østerud, Ø. (1978) Agrarian Structure and Peasant Politics in Scandinavia: A Comparative Study of Rural Response to Economic Change. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Roy, W. G. (1984) “Class conflict and social change in historical perspective.” Annual Review of Sociology 10: 483–506.Google Scholar
Sabean, D. W. (1982) “Unehelichkeit: Ein Aspekt sozialer Reproduktion kleinbauerlicher Produzenten. Zu einer Analyse dorflicher Quellen um 1800,” in Berdahl, R. M., Liidtke, A., Medick, H., et al. (eds.) Klassen und Kultur: Sozialanthropologische Perspektiven in der Geschichtsschreibung. Frankfurt am Main: Syndikat: 54–76.Google Scholar
Sabean, D. W.(1990) Property, Production, and Family in Neckarhausen, 1700-1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sarmela, M. (1969) Reciprocity Systems of the Rural Society in the Finnish-Karelian Culture Area. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.Google Scholar
Schön, L. (1972) “Vasternorrland in the middle of the nineteenth century: A study in the transition from small-scale to capitalistic production.” Economy and History 15: 83–111.Google Scholar
Shanin, T. (1973) “The nature and logic of the peasant economy 1: A generalization.” Journal of Peasant Studies 1: 63–80.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (1971) “Illegitimacy, sexual revolution and social change in modern Europe.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2: 237-72.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (1973) “Female emancipation, birth control, and fertility in European history.“ American Historical Review 78 (3): 605-40.Google Scholar
Shorter, E.(1975) The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Shorter, E., Knodel, J., and van derWalle, E. (1971) “The decline of non-marital fertility in Europe, 1880-1940.” Population Studies 25 (3): 372-93.Google Scholar
Sider, G. M. (1980) “The ties that bind: Culture and agriculture, property and propriety in the Newfoundland village fishery.” Social History 5 (1): 1–39.Google Scholar
Sider, G. M.(1984) “Family fun in Starve Harbour: Custom, history, and confrontation in vil lage Newfoundland,” in Medick, H. and Sabean, D. W. (eds.) Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship. Cambridge/Paris: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison de Sciences de l'Homme: 340-70.Google Scholar
Sider, G. M.(1986) Culture and Class in Anthropology and History: A Newfoundland Illus tration. Cambridge/Paris: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison de Sciences de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Statistiska Medelande (1914) “Utomaktenskapet födda barn I.” Statistiska Medelande, series A, band 1:5. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Sundt, E. (1980) On Marriage in Norway. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (orig. Norwegian; Om giftermål i Norge 1855).Google Scholar
Taussi-Sjoberg, M. (1988) Skiljas: Trolovning, äktenskap och skilsmässa i Norrland på 1800-talet. Södertälje: Författarförlaget.Google Scholar
Thornqvist, A. (1989) Lonearbete eller egen jord? Den svenska lantarbetarrorelsen och jordfragan 1908-1936. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1979) “Did the cake of custom break?” in Merriman, J. M. (ed.) Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe. New York and London: Holmes & Meier: 17–44.Google Scholar
Tilly, C.(1987) “Family history, social history, and social change.” Journal of Family History 12 (1-3): 319-30.Google Scholar
Tilly, L., Scott, J. W., and Cohen, M. (1976) “Women's work and European fertility patterns.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (3): 447-76.Google Scholar
Tomasson, R. F. (1976) “Premarital sexual permissiveness and illegitimacy in the Nordic countries.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 18: 252-70.Google Scholar
Viazzo, P. P. (1986) “Illegitimacy and the European marriage pattern: Comparative evidence from the Alpine area,” in Bonfield, L., Smith, R. M., and Wrightson, K. (eds.) The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure. Oxford: Basil Blackwell: 100–121.Google Scholar
Viazzo, P. P. (1989) Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Visitationsprotokoll, Embetsberättelse 1887. Lillhärdals Pastorämbetetsarkiv (parish office archive), paragraph 10.Google Scholar
Visitationsprotokoll, Embetsberättelse 1897. Lillhärdals ämbetetsarkiv (parish office archive), paragraph 3.Google Scholar
Ward, P. (1990) Courtship, Love, and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century English Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Wikman, K. R.V. (1937) Die Einleitung der Ehe: Eine vergleichende ethno-soziologische Untersuchung iiber die Vorstufe der Ehe in den Sitten des schwedischen Volkstums. Åbo: Åbo Akademi.Google Scholar