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Nationalism or Geopolitics: The Rise of Guerillas and Patterns of Military Conflict during the Expansion of the Ili Rebellion, 1944–46

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2021

Zikui Wei Open the ORCID record for Zikui Wei [Opens in a new window]
Zikui Wei*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Division of the Social Sciences, 5730 S. Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL60637
*
Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article investigates the Ili Rebellion in Xinjiang (1944–49). Relying primarily on Chinese sources, the author identifies variations in the rise and fate of non-Han ethnic guerillas, and the patterns of military conflict in different regions during the expansionist stage of the Ili Rebellion from 1944 to 1946. The article argues that neither a nationalist nor a geopolitical explanation adequately account for such variations. Rather, the overlapping and intersecting geopolitical influence (both the Soviet Union and the two Chinese regimes) as well as local conditions (including local ethnic composition and social structure) explain such patterns. Finally, this article discusses broader implications of the role of nationalism and geopolitics in revolutions in small and dependent states.

Type
Research Article
Information
Social Science History , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , Fall 2021 , pp. 589 - 615
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Social Science History Association

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References

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AKTXZ (1996) Aketao xian zhi [Aketao County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
ALTDQZ (2004) Aletai diqu zhi [Aletai Region Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
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KCXZ (1993) Kuche xian zhi [Kuche County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Daxue Chubanshe.Google Scholar
KSDQZ (2004) Kashi diqu zhi, xia [Kashi Region Gazetteer, vol. 2]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
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Mai-he-mu-tuo-fu, A-bu-du-ke-li-mu (1987) “Guanyu jimunai youjidui de zujian he huodong” [On the Establishment and Activities of Jeminay Guerillas], in Selections of Xinjiang CHM, vol. 18. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe: 100–9.Google Scholar
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MLHXZ (2003) Mulei Hasake zizhixian zhi [Mulei Kazakh Autonomous County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
MQXZ (1998) Miquan xian zhi [Miquan County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Mu-he-mai-ti, Si-ma-yi-luo-fu (1986) “Yi sanqu minzu jun Suiding diyi bubing tuan de dansheng ji qi jingli” [On the Establishment and Journey of INA’s Suiding 1st Infantry Regiment], in Selections of Xinjiang CHM, vol. 16. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe: 95–126.Google Scholar
NLKXZ (2000) Nileke xian zhi [Nileke County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Qin, Daotong (1988) “Sanqu geming zai Bayinbuluke diqu huodong pianduan” [Incomplete Recollections on the Three Districts Rebellion’s Activities in Bayinbulak], in Bayinguolengleng CHM, vol. 4: 44–51.Google Scholar
QTXZ (1994) Qitai xianzhi [Qitai County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Daxue Chubanshe.Google Scholar
SCXZ (1996) Shache xianzhi [Shache County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Sha-wu-lie-xi (1987) “Huiyi yeye Da-li-li-han ersan shi” [Recollections on My Grandfather Delilkhan], in Yili CHM, vol. 3: 67–77.Google Scholar
Shu-mu-tong [Šumutong] (1990) “Guanyu Sanqu geming shiqi Sumuer xian de pianduan huiyi” [An Incomplete Recollection on Sumul County during the Three Districts Rebellion], in Yili CHM, vol. 6: 43–56.Google Scholar
Song-ha-shi, Huo-zhai (1995) “Sanqu geming de xianqu—Ai-ke-bo-er” [The Pioneer of Three Districts Rebellion—Akbar] in Yili CHM, vol. 11: 85–92.Google Scholar
Song, Xilian (1986) Yingquan jiangjun: Song Xilian zishu [The Lackey General: Autobiography of Song Xilian]. Zhongguo Wenshi Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Sun, Mingde (1992) “Tufei zai xiancheng bei de yiqi qiangsha shijian” [A Looting and Killing Conducted by Bandits in the North of the County], in Beiting CHM, vol. 7: 62–63.Google Scholar
Sun, Zhibin (1992) “Qitai de jiu jingcha jigou” [Previous Police Institutions in Qiande], in Qitai CHM, vol. 2: 73–76.Google Scholar
TCDQZ (1997) Tacheng diqu zhi [Tacheng Region Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
TCSZ (1995) Tacheng shi zhi [Tacheng City Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
TSKEGTXZ (2009) Tashikuergan Tajike zizhixian zhi [Tashikuergan Tajik Autonomous County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Tu-er-di-you-fu (1993) “Sanqu geming Bole er san shi” [Recollections on the Three Districts Rebellion in Bole], in Boertala CHM, vol. 3: 117–37.Google Scholar
WQXZ (2003) Wenquan xian zhi [Wenquan County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
WSXZ (1993) Wensu xian zhi [Wensu County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Daxue Chubanshe.Google Scholar
XJWMZ (2007) Xinjiang tongzhi, waimao zhi [Xinjiang Gazetteer: Foreign Trade]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ya-Sheng, Rou-zi-mu-la-fu (1999) “Sanqu geming zai Boertala” [Three Districts Rebellion in Boertala], in Boertala CHM, vol. 5: 109–29.Google Scholar
Yi-bu-la-yin, Tu-hu-di (1984) “Sanqu geming shi de Huiyuan jiefang” [The Liberation of Huiyuan during the Three Districts Rebellion], in Yili CHM, vol. 1: 94–107.Google Scholar
YLHZZ (2004) Yili hasake zizhizhou zhi [Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
YJSXZ (2003) Yingjisha xian zhi [Yingjisha County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
YNXZ (2003) Yining xian zhi [Yining County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zha-yi-er, Cao-da-nuo-fu (1989) Wujun geming de licheng [The Course of Revolution of the Fifth Army]. Jiefang jun Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhang, Zhizhong (1985) Zhang Zhizhong huiyilu [Memoire of Zhang Zhizhong]. Wenshi Ziliao Chubanshe.Google Scholar
ZLHB (n.d.) Xinjiang sanqu geming ziliao huibian, 1–8 [Compiled Materials on Xinjiang Three Districts Rebellion, vols. 1–8].Google Scholar
ZPXZ (1992) Zepu xian zhi [Zepu County Gazetteer]. Xinjiang Daxue Chubanshe.Google Scholar

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