Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T11:55:35.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Falling Far from the Tree

Transitions to Adulthood and the Social History of Twentieth-Century America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Abstract

Employing the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series of the University of Minnesota, we chronicle the changing timing and duration of transitions to adulthood in the twentieth century. Successive generations of young Americans reinvented the transition to adulthood to accommodate shifts in the economy and the American state. The patterned choices of young people delineate three eras of social history in the twentieth century: the era of reciprocity (1900–1950), the era of dependence (1950–70s), and the era of autonomy (1970s-2000). We also explain why African Americans differed from the general trend; they developed distinctive transitions to adulthood in response to persistent inequality.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, James D. (1988) The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhardt, Annette, Morris, Martina, Handcock, Mark S., and Scott, Marc A. (2001) Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in the New American Labor Market. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Brown, Michael K. (1999) Race, Money, and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. (1977) The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chudacoff, Howard, and Hareven, Tamara K. (1978) “Family transitions into old age,” in Hareven, Tamara K. (ed.) Transitions: The Family and the Life Course in Historical Perspective. New York: Academic: 217–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Lizabeth (2003) A Consumer’s Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Denison, Edward (1985) Trends in American Economic Growth, 1929–1982. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard A. (1968) Population, Labor Force, and Long Swings in Economic Growth: The American Experience. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard A. (1980) Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fass, Paula S. (1989) Outside In: Minorities and the Transformation of American Education. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Richard (1980) “The evolution of the American labor market, 1948–1980,” in Feldstein, Martin (ed.) The American Economy in Transition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 349–96.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia (2000) “Labor markets in the twentieth century,” in Engerman, Stanley L., and Gallman, Robert E. (eds.) The Cambridge Economic History of the United States. Vol. 3, The Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press: 549623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldscheider, Frances K., and Goldscheider, Calvin (1993) Leaving Home before Marriage: Ethnicity, Familism, and Generational Relationships. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Goldscheider, Frances K., and Goldscheider, Calvin (1999) The Changing Transition to Adulthood: Leaving and Returning Home. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, David M., Edwards, Richard, and Reich, Michael (1982) Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Graebner, William (1980) A History of Retirement: The Meaning and Function of an American Institution, 1885–1978. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Grossman, James R. (1989) Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutmann, Myron P., Pullum-Piñón, Sara M., and Pullum, Thomas W. (2002) “Three eras of young adult home leaving in twentieth-century America.” Journal of Social History 35: 533–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heim, Carol (2000) “Structural changes: Regional and urban,” in Engerman, Stanley, and Gallman, Robert E (eds.) The Cambridge Economic History of the United States. Vol. 3, The Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press: 93190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Martha, and Yeung, W. Jean (1999) “How has the changing structure of opportunities affected transitions to adulthood?” in Booth, Allan, Crouter, Ann, and Shanahan, Michael (eds.) Transitions to Adulthood in a Changing Economy: No Work, No Family, No Future? London: Praeger: 339.Google Scholar
Hillier, Amy (2001) “Redlining and the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.” PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Hogan, Dennis P. (1981) Transitions and Social Change: The Early Lives of American Men. New York: Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985) Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
James, David R. (1989) “City limits on racial equality: The effects of city-suburb boundaries on public school desegregation, 1968–1976.” American Sociological Review 54: 963–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantor, Harvey, and Brenzel, Barbara (1993) “Urban education and the ‘truly disadvantaged’: The historical roots of the contemporary crisis, 1945–1990,” in Katz, Michael B. (ed.) The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 366402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Michael B. (1996) In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Katz, Michael B., Doucet, Michael J., and Stern, Mark J. (1982) The Social Organization of Early Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler-Harris, Alice (1982) Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., and Denton, Nancy A. (1993) American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of an Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Modell, John (1989) Into One’s Own: From Youth to Adulthood in the United States, 1920–1975. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modell, John, Furstenberg, Frank F., and Hershberg, Theodore (1976) “Social change and transitions to adulthood in historical perspective.” Journal of Family History 1: 732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modell, John, and Hareven, Tamara K. (1978) “Transitions: Patterns of timing,” in Hareven, Tamara K. (ed.) Transitions: The Family and the Life Course in Historical Perspective. New York: Academic: 245–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, Jeylan, Harley, Carolyn, and Aronson, Pamela (1999) “How do prior experiences in the workplace set the stage for transitions to adulthood” in Booth, Allan, Crouter, Ann, and Shanahan, Michael (eds.) Transitions to Adulthood in a Changing Economy: No Work, No Family, No Future? London: Praeger: 131–59.Google Scholar
Oliver, Melvin L., and Shapiro, Thomas M. (1995) Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Orfield, Gary, and Eaton, Susan E. (1996) Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Osterman, Paul (1980) Getting Started: The Youth Labor Market. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, James T. (2001) Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philadelphia Board of Realtors (1951) “The residential real estate situation—Immediate past, present, and future.” Realtors Magazine, August 8.Google Scholar
Ruggles, Steven (1994) “The transformation of the American family.” American Historical Review 99: 103–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggles, Steven, and Sobek, Matthew (2003) Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0. Minneapolis: Historical Census Projects, University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Shanahan, Michael J. (2000) “Pathways to adulthood in changing societies: Variability and mechanisms in life course perspective.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 667–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, David A. (1990) “New evidence on the timing of early life course transitions: The United States, 1900 to 1980.” Journal of Family History 15: 163–78.Google Scholar
Sugrue, Thomas J. (1996) The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar