Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T23:58:39.091Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Culture, Strategy, and State-Centered Explanations of Revolution, 1789 and 1989

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Abstract

Social scientists studying revolutions have increasingly argued that explanations of revolutions that do not include subjective factors, such as culture, are inadequate. The failure to explain the anti-Communist revolutions of 1989 is forceful testimony to this inadequacy. But the way in which cultural aspects are being added to existing approaches tends to undermine past advances in studying revolutions. Recent historiography of the French Revolution provides an example of a more thorough-going approach to political culture. A productive synthesis that both preserves past advances and better explains the revolutions of 1989 is achieved by analyzing the effects of cultural change on state elites.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 2003 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., and Turner, B. (1980)The Dominant Ideology Thesis. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Aya, R. (1994) “Explaining revolutionary violence: A refutation.Theory and Society 23: 771–75.Google Scholar
Baker, K. (1990) Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Z. (1994) “A revolution in the theory of revolutions.International Political Science Review 15: 15–24.Google Scholar
Bunce, V. (1985) “The empire strikes back: The transformation of the Eastern bloc from a Soviet asset to a Soviet liability.” International Organization 39: 1–46.Google Scholar
Bunce, V. (1999) Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, C. (1991) “The problem of identity in collective action,” in Huber, J. (ed.) Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage: 51–75.Google Scholar
Censer, J. (1989a) “Commencing the third century of debate.” American Historical Review 94: 1309–25.Google Scholar
Censer, J. (1989b) “Revitalizing the intellectual history of the French Revolution.” Journal of the History of Ideas 50: 652–66.Google Scholar
Chartier, R. (1991) The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chirot, D. (1991) “What happened in Eastern Europe?” in Chirot, D. (ed.) The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left. Seattle: University of Washington Press: 3–32.Google Scholar
Clark, J., and Wildavsky, A. (1990) The Moral Collapse of Communism: Poland as a Cautionary Tale. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies.Google Scholar
Darnton, R. (1984) The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
della Porta, Donatella (1988) “Recruitment processes in clandestine political organizations: Italian left-wing terrorism,” in International Social Movement Research Greenwich, CT: JAI Press:155–69.Google Scholar
di Palma, G. (1991) “Legitimation from the top to civil society: Politico-cultural change in Eastern Europe.” World Politics 44: 49–80.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. (1992) “The exit from Communism.” Daedalus 121: 21–41.Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1985) Cement of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Emirbayer, M., and Goodwin, J. (1994) “Network analysis, culture, and the problem of agency.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 1411–54.Google Scholar
Evangelista, M. (1999) Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Foran, J. (1993) “Theories of revolution revisited: Toward a fourth generation.” Sociological Theory 11: 1–20.Google Scholar
Foran, J. (1997) “Discourse and social forces: The role of culture and cultural studies in understanding revolutions,” in Foran, J. (ed.) Theorizing Revolutions. New York: Routledge: 203–26.Google Scholar
Furet, F. (1981) Interpreting the French Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garton Ash, T. (1990) The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of ’89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. (1994) Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals. London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J. (1991) Revolutions and Rebellions in the Early Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J. (1998) “Initial conditions, general laws, path dependence, and explanations in historical sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 104: 829–45.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J. (2001) “Toward a fourth generation of revolutionary theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 4 139–87.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J., Gurr, T., and Moshiri, F., eds. (1991) Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J., and Useem, B. (1999) “Prison riots as microrevolutions: An extension of state-centered theories of revolution.” American Journal of Sociology 104: 985–1029.Google Scholar
Goodwin, J. (1994a) “The old regimes and revolutions in the second and third worlds: A comparative perspective.” Social Science History 18: 575–604.Google Scholar
Goodwin, J. (1994b) “Toward a new sociology of revolutions.” Theory and Society 24: 731–66.Google Scholar
Goodwin, J., and Jasper, J. (1999) “Caught in a winding, snarling vine: The structural bias of political process theory.” Sociological Forum 14: 27–54.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1973) “The strength of weak ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–80.Google Scholar
Greskovits, B. (1998) The Political Economy of Protest and Patience: East European and Latin American Transformation Compared. Budapest: Central European University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, R. (2000) “Theories of collective action and revolution: Evidence from the Romanian transition of December 1989.” Europe-Asia Studies 52: 1069–93.Google Scholar
Herman, R. (1996) “Identity, norms, and national security: The Soviet foreign policy revolution and the end of the Cold War,” in Katzenstein, P. (ed.) The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press: 271–316.Google Scholar
Hunt, L. (1984) Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, L. (1989) “History, culture, text,” in Hunt, L. (ed.) The New Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press: 3–40.Google Scholar
Jasper, J. (1997) The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jasper, J., and Polletta, F. (2001) “Collective identity and social movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 283–305.Google Scholar
Jones, G. (1983) The Languages of Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kolakowski, L. (1992) “The exit from Communism.” Daedalus 121: 43–56.Google Scholar
Kotz, D., with Weir, F. (1997) Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kubik, J. (1994) The Power of Symbols against the Symbols of Power: The Roots of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Kull, S. (1992) Burying Lenin: The Revolution in Soviet Ideology and Foreign Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Kuran, T. (1991) “Now out of never: The element of surprise in the East European revolutions of 1989.” World Politics 44: 7–46.Google Scholar
Kuran, T. (1995a) “The inevitability of future revolutionary surprises.” American Journal of Sociology 100: 1528–51.Google Scholar
Kuran, T. (1995b) Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kurzman, C. (1996) “Structural opportunity and perceived opportunity in social movement theory: The Iranian Revolution of 1979.” American Sociological Review 61: 153–70.Google Scholar
Levesque, J. (1997) The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. (1993) The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lohmann, S. (1994) “The dynamics of informational cascades: The Monday demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989-91.” World Politics 47: 42–101.Google Scholar
Loveman, M. (1998) “High-risk collective action: Defending human rights in Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina.” American Journal of Sociology 104: 477–525.Google Scholar
Maheu, L. (1995) Social Movements and Social Classes: The Future of Collective Action. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Maier, C. (1996) Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, M. (1993) The Sources of Social Power. Vol. 2, The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, D. (1986) “Recruitment to high-risk activism: The case of freedom summer.” American Journal of Sociology 92: 64–90.Google Scholar
McAdam, D., McCarthy, J., and Zald, M., eds. (1996) Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., and Tilly, C. (1997) “Toward an integrated perspective on social movements and revolution,” in Lichbach, M. and Zuckerman, A. (eds.) Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 142–72.Google Scholar
Melone, Albert P. (1998) Creating Parliamentary Government: The Transition to Democracy in Bulgaria. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Melucci, A. (1996) Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, D., and Tarrow, S., eds. (1998) The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Munck, G. (1995) “Actor formation, social co-ordination, and political strategy: Some problems in the study of social movements.” Sociology 29: 667–85.Google Scholar
Olson, M. (1965) The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
O’Neil, P. (1996) “Revolution from within: Institutional analysis, transitions from authoritarianism, and the case of Hungary.” World Politics 49: 579–603.Google Scholar
Opp, K. (1994) “Repression and revolutionary action: East Germany 1989.” Rationality and Society 6: 101–38.Google Scholar
Risse-Kappen, T. (1994) “Ideas do not float freely: Transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the Cold War.” International Organization 48: 185–214.Google Scholar
Scott, J. (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, J. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sewell, W. (1994) A Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution: The Abbé Sieyes and “What Is the Third Estate?”. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1979) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, China, and Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1985) “Cultural idioms and political ideologies in the revolutionary reconstruction of state power: A rejoinder to Sewell.” Journal of Modern History 57: 86–96.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1994) Social Revolutions in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, J. (1997) “No more language games: Words, beliefs, and the political culture of early modern France.” American Historical Review 102: 1413–40.Google Scholar
Somers, M. (1998) “‘We’re no angels’: Realism, rational choice, and relationality in social science.” American Journal of Sociology 104: 722–84.Google Scholar
Strayer, R. (1998) Why Did the Soviet Union Fail? Understanding Historical Change. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Swidler, A. (1986) “Culture in action: Symbols and strategies.” American Sociological Review 51: 273–86.Google Scholar
Tarrow, S. (1994) Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tarrow, S. (1995) “Mass mobilization and elite exchange: Democratic episodes in Italy and Spain.” Democratization 2: 221–45.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1978) From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1993) European Revolutions, 1492-1992. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1995) “To explain political processes.” American Journal of Sociology 100: 1594–1610.Google Scholar
Tismaneanu, V., ed. (1999) The Revolutions of 1989. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Touraine, A. (1981) The Voice and the Eye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Traugott, M., ed. (1995) Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Zald, M. (1996) “Culture, ideology, and strategic framing,” in McAdam, D., McCarthy, J., and Zald, M. (eds.) Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 261–73.Google Scholar