Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T17:08:25.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Competing Discourses of Household Food Insecurity in Canada

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2018

Zsofia Mendly-Zambo  and
Dennis Raphael
Zsofia Mendly-Zambo
Affiliation:
School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto E-mail: [email protected]
Dennis Raphael
Affiliation:
School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Household food insecurity (HFI) impacts over 1.7 million households in Canada with adverse effects upon health. As a signatory to numerous international covenants asserting that access to food is a human right, Canadian governments are obliged to reduce HFI, yet Canadian governments have done remarkably little to assure that Canadians are food secure. In the absence of government action, HFI has spawned numerous non-governmental means of managing the problem such as food banks, feeding programs, and community gardens and kitchens. These efforts have depoliticized the problem of HFI, making its solution more difficult. Solving HFI is also complicated by the presence of five competing discourses of HFI in Canada: nutrition and dietetics, charitable food distribution, community development, social determinants of health, and political economy which offer differing causes and means of responding to HFI. We argue that the least considered discourse – the critical materialist political economy discourse – best accounts for the presence of HFI in a liberal welfare state such as Canada and provides the most effective means of responding to its presence.

Keywords

Food insecuritypolitical economypublic policyCanada
Type
Articles
Information
Social Policy and Society , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 535 - 554
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alesina, A. and Glaeser, E. L. (2004) Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference, Toronto: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. S. (2007) ‘Nutrition interventions in women in low-income groups in the UK’, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66, 1, 25–32.Google Scholar
Bambra, C. (2013) States of health: Welfare regimes, health, and healthcare, in Greve, B. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State, New York: Routledge, 260–73.Google Scholar
Banting, K. and Myles, J. (eds.) (2013) Inequality and the Fading of Redistributive Politics, Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Baum, F. (2007) ‘Cracking the nut of health equity: top down and bottom up pressure for action on the social determinants of health’, Promotion and Education, 14, 2, 90–5.Google Scholar
Bihan, H., Mejean, C., Castetbon, K., Faure, H., Ducros, V., Sedeaud, A., Galan, P., Le Clesiau, H., Peneau, S. and Hercberg, S. (2012) ‘Impact of fruit and vegetable vouchers and dietary advice on fruit and vegetable intake in a low-income population’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66, 3, 369–75.Google Scholar
Brady, D. (2009) Rich Democracies, Poor People: How Politics Explain Poverty, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, J. (2012) A Shrinking Universe: How Concentrated Corporate Power is Shaping Income Inequality in Canada, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives,1-49.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. and Miljan, L. (2003) ‘Theories of public policy’, in Brooks, S. and Miljan, L. (eds.), Public Policy in Canada: An Introduction, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 22–49.Google Scholar
Bryant, T. (2015) ‘Implications of public policy change models for addressing income-related health inequalities’, Canadian Public Policy, 41, 2, S10–6.Google Scholar
Bryant, T. (2016) Health Policy in Canada, 2nd edn, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.Google Scholar
Bryant, T. and Raphael, D. (2015) ‘Opening policy windows with evidence and citizen engagement: addressing the social determinants of health inequalities’, in Carey, G., Landvogt, K. and Barraket, J. (eds.), Creating and Implementing Public Policy: Cross-Sectoral Debates, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canadian Education Association (1989) Food for Thought: School Board Nutrition Policies and Programs for Hungry Children, CEA Information Note, 1989.Google Scholar
Coburn, D. (2010) ‘Health and health care: a political economy perspective’, in Bryant, T., Raphael, D. and Rioux, M. (eds.), Staying Alive: Critical Perspectives on Health, Illness, and Health Care (2nd edn), Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 65–92.Google Scholar
Collins, P. A., Power, E. M. and Little, M. H. (2014) ‘Municipal-level responses to household food insecurity in Canada: a call for critical, evaluative research’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 105, 2, e138–41.Google Scholar
Conrad, P. (1992) ‘Medicalization and social control’, Annual Review of Sociology, 209–32.Google Scholar
Davis, B. and Tarasuk, V. (1994) ‘Hunger in Canada’, Agriculture and Human Values, 11, 4, 50–7.Google Scholar
De Schutter, O. (2014) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter. Final report: The Transformative Potential of the Right to Food, United Nations General Assembly, http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20140310_finalreport_en.pdf [accessed 28.09.18].Google Scholar
Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (1989) Hunger and Public Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.Google Scholar
Emery, J., Fleisch, V. and McIntyre, L. (2013) ‘Legislated changes to federal pension income in Canada will adversely affect low income seniors' health’, Preventive Medicine, 57, 6, 963–6, doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.09.004.Google Scholar
Engler-Stringer, R. and Berenbaum, S. (2006) ‘Food and nutrition-related learning in collective kitchens in three Canadian cities’, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 67, 4, 178–83.Google Scholar
Fano, T. J., Tyminski, S. M. and Flynn, M. (2004) ‘Evaluation of a collective kitchens program using the Population Health Promotion’, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 65, 2, 72–80.Google Scholar
Field, D. (2014) Good Food Box: History, Opportunities and Challenges, https://foodshare.net/custom/uploads/2015/11/Good_Food_Box_Webinar_Sustain_Decembe_2014.pdf [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1996) Rome Declaration on World Food Security, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Food Banks Canada (2017) Hunger Count 2016, https://www.foodbankscanada.ca/getmedia/6173994f-8a25-40d9-acdf-660a28e40f37/HungerCount_2016_final_singlepage.pdf [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
FoodShare (2016) Find Bounty in every Good Food Box, http://foodshare.net/program/goodfoodbox/ [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972) The Archeology of Knowledge, New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Given, L. (2008) The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods, Newbury Park: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Government of British Columbia (2016) B.C. Farmers' Food Donation Tax Credit, Victoria: Government of British Columbia, http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/taxes/income-taxes/corporate/credits/farmers-food-donation [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Government of British Columbia (2017) Provincial Funding Supports Okanagan Food Banks, Victoria: Government of British Columbia, https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2017AGRI0037-000788 [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Grabb, E. G. (2007) Theories of Social Inequality, 5th edn, Toronto: Harcourt Canada.Google Scholar
Hay, D. (2000) School-Based Feeding Programs: A Good Choice for Children?, Victoria, Canada: Information Partnerships.Google Scholar
Hayes-Conroy, A. (2016) Doing Nutrition Differently: Critical Approaches to Diet and Dietary Intervention, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Husbands, W. (1999) ‘Food banks as antihunger organizations’, in Koc, M., MacRae, R., Mougeot, L. and Welsh, J. (eds.), For Hunger Proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Systems, Toronto: International Development Research, 103–9.Google Scholar
Johnston, J. (2003) ‘Food for all; the story of FoodShare shows how community food security programs can make a difference, even if they can't end hunger’, Alternatives Journal, 29, 4, 29.Google Scholar
Kimura, A. H., Biltekoff, C., Mudry, J. and Hayes-Conroy, J. (2014) ‘Nutrition as a project’, Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies, 14, 3, 34–45.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, S. and Tarasuk, V. (2009) ‘Food insecurity and participation in community food programs among low-income Toronto families’, Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de Sante'e Publique, 135–9.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Labonte, R. (1993) Health Promotion and Empowerment: Practice Frameworks, Toronto: Centre for Health Promotion and ParicipAction.Google Scholar
Labonte, R. and Penfold, S. (1981) ‘Canadian perspectives in health promotion: a critique’, Health Education, 19, 4–9.Google Scholar
Lal, R., Hansen, D. O. and Uphoff, N. (2016) Food Security and Environmental Quality in the Developing World, Milton Park, Abingdon: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Lang, T. and Heasman, M. (2015) Food Wars: The Global Battle for Mouths, Minds and Markets, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Langille, D. (2016) ‘Follow the money: how business and politics define our health’, in Raphael, D. (ed.), Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, 3rd edn, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 470–90.Google Scholar
Lessa, I. (2005) ‘Discursive struggles within social welfare: restaging teen motherhood’, 36, 283-98, British Journal of Social Work, 36, 283–98.Google Scholar
Li, N., Dachner, N. and Tarasuk, V. (2016a) ‘The impact of changes in social policies on household food insecurity in British Columbia, 2005-2012’, Preventive Medicine, 93, 151–58.Google Scholar
Li, N., Dachner, N. and Tarasuk, V. (2016b) Priority Health Equity Indicators for British Columbia: Household Food Insecurity Indicator Report, http://proof.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1186-PHS-Priority-health-equity-indicators-WEB.pdf [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry, Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
Lindbladh, E., Lyttkens, C. H., Hanson, B. S. and Ostergren, P. O. (1998) ‘Equity is out of fashion? An essay on autonomy and health policy in the individualized society’, Social Science and Medicine, 46, 8, 1017–25.Google Scholar
Livingstone, N. (2013) ‘Capital's charity’, Capital and Class, 37, 3, 347–53.Google Scholar
Livingstone, N. (2015) ‘The hunger games: food poverty and politics in the UK’, Capital and Class, 39, 2, 188–95.Google Scholar
Loopstra, R. and Tarasuk, V. (2013) ‘Perspectives on community gardens, community kitchens and the Good Food Box program in a community-based sample of low-income families’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 104, 1, e55–9.Google Scholar
Loopstra, R. and Tarasuk, V. (2015) ‘Food bank usage is a poor indicator of food insecurity: Insights from Canada’, Social Policy and Society, 14, 3, 443–55.Google Scholar
McIntyre, L. and Anderson, L. (2016) ‘Food insecurity’, in Raphael, D. (ed.), Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 294–320.Google Scholar
McIntyre, L., Jessiman-Perreault, G., Mah, C. and Godley, J. (2018) ‘A social network analysis of Canadian food insecurity policy actors’, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 79, 1–7.Google Scholar
McIntyre, L., Lukic, R., Patterson, P., Anderson, L. and Mah, C. (2016a) ‘Legislation debated as responses to household food insecurity in Canada, 1995–2012’, Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition, 11, 4, 441–55.Google Scholar
McIntyre, L., Patterson, P., Anderson, L. and Mah, C. (2016b) ‘Household food insecurity in Canada: problem definition and potential solutions in the public policy domain’, Canadian Public Policy, 42, 1, 83–93.Google Scholar
McIntyre, L. and Rondeau, K. (2009) ‘Food insecurity in Canada’, in Raphael, D. (ed.), Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, 2nd edn, Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, 188–204.Google Scholar
Medvedyuk, S., Ali, A. and Raphael, D. (2017) ‘Ideology, obesity and the social determinants of health: a critical analysis of the obesity and health relationship,’ Critical Public Health, 1–13.Google Scholar
Mello, J. A., Gans, K. M., Risica, P. M., Kirtania, U., Strolla, L. O. and Fournier, L. (2010) ‘How is food insecurity associated with dietary behaviors? An analysis with low-income, ethnically diverse participants in a nutrition intervention study’, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110, 12, 1906–11.Google Scholar
Mendly-Zambo, Z. (2017) Competing Approaches to Household Food Insecurity in Canada, Unpublished MA Major Research Paper, Toronto: York University Graduate Program in Health Policy and Equity.Google Scholar
Mercille, G., Receveur, O. and Potvin, L. (2012) ‘Household food insecurity and Canadian Aboriginal women's: self-efficacy in food preparation’, Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 73, 3, 134–40.Google Scholar
National Zero Waste Council (2016) Zero Waste, http://www.nzwc.ca/ [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Navarro, V. (2009) ‘What we mean by social determinants of health’, Global Health Promotion, 16, 1, 5–16.Google Scholar
Navarro, V. and Shi, L. (2002) ‘The political context of social inequalities and health’, in Navarro, V. (ed.), The Political Economy of Social Inequalities: Consequences for Health and Quality of Life, Amityville, NY: Baywood, 403–18.Google Scholar
Nettleton, S. (1997) ‘Surveillance, health promotion and the formation of a risk identity’, in Sidell, M., Jones, L., Katz, J. and Peberdy, A. (eds.), Debates and Dilemmas in Promoting Health, London, UK: Open University Press, 314–24.Google Scholar
Olsen, G. (2010) Power and Inequality: A Comparative Introduction, Toronto: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ontario (2017) Ontario Basic Income Pilot, https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-basic-income-pilot [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Ontario Dieticians in Public Health (2016) ‘Taking part in the holiday spirit of giving – Does food charity alleviate hunger?’, http://www.hclinkontario.ca/blog/entry/taking-part-in-the-holiday-spirit-of-giving-does-food-charity-alleviate-hunger.html [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Ontario Dieticians in Public Health (2018) Health Literacy, https://www.odph.ca/food-literacy-1 [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Ontario Ministry of Finance (2017) Community Food Program Donation Tax Credit for Farmers, https://oafb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Bill-36.pdf [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2017) Social Spending https://data.oecd.org/socialexp/social-spending.htm [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Paralovos, A. (2017) ‘Hopeful news: the 2017 Ontario Budget allows people on assistance to keep a financial cushion’, Daily Bread Food Bank.Google Scholar
Perry, E. A., Thomas, H., Samra, H. R., Edmonstone, S., Davidson, L., Faulkner, A., Petermann, L., Manafò, E. and Kirkpatrick, S. I. (2017) ‘Identifying attributes of food literacy: a scoping review’, Public Health Nutrition, 20, 13, 2406–15.Google Scholar
Pignone, M. P., Ammerman, A., Fernandez, L., Orleans, C.T., Pender, N., Woolf, S., Lohr, K. N. and Sutton, S. (2003) ‘Counseling to promote a healthy diet in adults: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24, 1, 75– 92.Google Scholar
Pontusson, J. (2005) Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe versus Liberal America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Poppendieck, J. (1999) Sweet Charity? Emergency Food and the End of Entitlement, New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Power, E. M., Little, M. H. and Collins, P. A. (2015) ‘Should Canadian health promoters support a food stamp-style program to address food insecurity?’, Health Promotion International, 30, 1, 184–93, doi:10.1093/heapro/dau080.Google Scholar
PROOF (2016) About PROOF: Food Insecurity Policy Research, http://proof.utoronto.ca/about-proof/ [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Raine, K. (2005) ‘Determinants of healthy eating in Canada: an overview and synthesis’, Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne De Sante'e Publique, S8–S14.Google Scholar
Raine, K., McIntyre, L. and Dayle, J. B. (2003) ‘The failure of charitable school-and community-based nutrition programmes to feed hungry children’, Critical Public Health, 13, 2, 155–69.Google Scholar
Raphael, D. (2002) ‘Addressing health inequalities in Canada’, Leadership in Health Services, 15, 3, 1–8.Google Scholar
Raphael, D. (ed.) (2004) Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.Google Scholar
Raphael, D. (2011) ‘A discourse analysis of the social determinants of health,’ Critical Public Health, 21, 2, 221–36.Google Scholar
Raphael, D. and Bryant, T. (2015) ‘Power, intersectionality and the life course: Identifying the political and economic structures of welfare states that support or threaten health’, Social Theory and Health, 13, 3-4, 245–66.Google Scholar
Riches, G. (1986) Food Banks and the Welfare Crisis, Toronto: James Lorimer & Company.Google Scholar
Riches, G. (1997) First World Hunger: Food Security and Welfare Politics, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Riches, G. (2002) ‘Food banks and food security: welfare reform, human rights and social policy. Lessons from Canada?’, Social Policy and Administration, 36, 6, 648–63.Google Scholar
Riches, G. (2016) First World Hunger: Food Security and Welfare Politics, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Riches, G. (2018) Food Bank Nations: Poverty, Corporate Charity, and the Right to Food, New York Routledge.Google Scholar
Riches, G. and Silvasti, T. (2014) First World Hunger Revisited: Food Charity or the Right to Food?, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Riches, G. and Tarasuk, V. (2014) ‘Canada: thirty years of food charity and public policy neglect’, in Riches, G. and Silvasti, T. (eds.), First World Hunger Revisited, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rideout, K., Riches, G., Ostry, A., Buckingham, D. and MacRae, R. (2007) ‘Bringing home the right to food in Canada: challenges and possibilities for achieving food security’, Public Health Nutrition, 10, 6, 566–73.Google Scholar
Scambler, G. (2009) ‘Capitalists, workers and health: Illness as a ‘side-effect’ of profit-making’, Social Theory and Health, 7, 117–128.Google Scholar
Scanlan, S. J. (2009) ‘New direction and discovery on the hunger front: toward a sociology of food security/insecurity’, Humanity and Society, 33, 4, 292–316.Google Scholar
Schrecker, T. and Bambra, C. (2015) How Politics Makes us Sick: Neoliberal Epidemics, Houndsmill, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schrecker, T. and Taler, V. (2017) ‘How to think about social determinants of health: revitalizing the agenda in Canada’, Population Health in Canada: Issues, Research, and Action, 100.Google Scholar
Scott-Samuel, A. and Smith, K. (2015) ‘Fantasy paradigms of health inequalities: Utopian thinking?’, Social Theory and Health, 13, 3–4, 418–36.Google Scholar
Silvasti, T. and Riches, G. (2014) ‘Hunger and food charity in rich societies: what hope for the right to food?’, in Riches, G. and Silvasti, T. (eds.), First World Hunger Revisited: Food Charity or the Right to Food?, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2016) ‘Tax credit for farmers who help fill food bank shelves’, CBC, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-farmers-tax-credit-donating-food-1.3895418 [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Statistics Canada (2018) ‘Table 206-0041. Low income statistics by age, sex and economic family type, Canada, provinces and selected census metropolitan areas (CMAs)’, http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&id=2060041 [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Stone, D. (2002) Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Swank, D. (2005) ‘Globalisation, domestic politics, and welfare state retrenchment in capitalist democracies’, Social Policy and Society, 4, 2, 183–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarasuk, V. (2016) ‘Health implications of food insecurity’, in Raphael, D. (ed.), Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, 3rd edn, Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 321–42.Google Scholar
Tarasuk, V. and Beaton, G. (1999) ‘Household food insecurity and hunger among families using food banks’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 90, 2, 109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarasuk, V., Dachner, N., Hamelin, A., Ostry, A., Williams, P., Bosckei, E., Poland, B. and Raine, K. (2014a) ‘A survey of food bank operations in five Canadian cities’, BMC Public Health, 14, 1, 1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarasuk, V., Mitchell, A. and Dachner, N. (2014b) Household Food Insecurity in Canada, 2012, http://proof.utoronto.ca/resources/proof-annual-reports/annual-report-2012/ [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Tarasuk, V., Mitchell, A. and Dachner, N. (2016) Household Food Insecurity in Canada, 2014, http://proof.utoronto.ca/resources/proof-annual-reports/annual-report-2014/ [accessed 28.09.2018].Google Scholar
Thomas, H. and Irwin, J. (2011) ‘Cook It Up! A community-based cooking program for at-risk youth: overview of a food literacy intervention’, BMC research notes, 4, 1, 495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toronto Food Policy Council (2016) 2015-2016 Annual Report, Toronto: Toronto Food Policy Council.Google Scholar
United Nations (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations (1966) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the World Declaration on Nutrition, Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
Vahabi, M. and Damba, C. (2013) ‘Perceived barriers in accessing food among recent Latin American immigrants in Toronto’, International Journal for Equity in Health, 12, 1, 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, S., Fleming, J., Klassen, C. and Skinner, A. (2013) ‘Sweet Charity, revisited: organizational responses to food insecurity in Hamilton and Toronto, Canada’, Critical Social Policy, 33, 3, 427–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakefield, S., Yeudall, F., Taron, C., Reynolds, J. and Skinner, A. (2007) ‘Growing urban health: community gardening in South-East Toronto’, Health Promotion International, 22, 2, 92–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiler, A., Hergesheimer, C., Brisbois, B., Wittman, H., Yassi, A. and Spiegel, J. (2015) ‘Food sovereignty, food security and health equity: a meta-narrative mapping exercise’, Health Policy and Planning, 30, 8, 1078–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, R. G. and Marmot, M. (eds.) (2003) Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts, Denmark: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Williams, P. L., McIntyre, L. and Dayle, J. B. (2003) ‘The ‘wonderfulness’ of children's feeding programs’, Health Promotion International, 18, 2, 163–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1986) ‘Ottawa charter for health promotion’, Health Promotion, 1, iii–v.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992) World Declaration and Plan of Action for Nutrition, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Wrieden, W., Anderson, A., Longbottom, P., Valentine, K., Stead, M., Caraher, M., Lang, T., Gray, B. and Dowler, E. (2007) ‘The impact of a community-based food skills intervention on cooking confidence, food preparation methods and dietary choices–an exploratory trial’, Public Health Nutrition, 10, 2, 203–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, E. O. (1994) ‘The class analysis of poverty’, in Wright, E. O. (ed.), Interrogating Inequality, New York: Verso, 32–50.Google Scholar