Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:07:15.981Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Child, Parent and Worker Vulnerabilities in Unregulated Childcare

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

Zoë Goodall
Affiliation:
Department of Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]
Kay Cook
Affiliation:
Department of Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]
Rhonda Breitkreuz
Affiliation:
Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Canada, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this article, we seek to develop a framework of childcare vulnerabilities experienced by children, parents and providers engaged in the formal, unregulated childcare market. Informed by vulnerability theorists who examine care work within the context of dependency and power relations, we explore the extent to which notions of vulnerability have been considered in childcare research. Five types of vulnerability from the literature – physical, emotional, economic, legal and racial – are mapped onto the experiences of children, parents and providers. We conceptualise an understanding of vulnerability as it relates to unregulated childcare, showing how vulnerability in this sector is compound, interrelated and structural, creating specific challenges.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, E. and Brennan, D. (2017) ‘Return of the nanny: public policy towards in-home childcare in the UK, Canada and Australia’, Social Policy and Administration, 51, 7, 1386–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, B. (2009) ‘What’s in a name? Immigration controls and subjectivities: the case of au pairs and domestic worker visa holders in the UK’, Subjectivities, 29, 407–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, L. and Tabu, M. (2018) ‘Conceptualising home-based child care: a study of home-based settings and practices in Japan and England’, International Journal of Early Childhood, 50, 2, 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, L., Brooker, E. and Stephen, C. (2017) ‘A review of the research on childminding: understanding children’s experiences in home-based childcare settings’, Early Childhood Education Journal, 45, 2, 261–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Productivity Commission (2015) Childcare and Early Childhood Learning - Productivity Commission: Inquiry Report Volume 1 and 2, Canberra: Australian Government, https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/childcare/report [accessed 22.05.2020].Google Scholar
Aziz, N. N. A. (2018) ‘Perception of employers’ children towards domestic helpers’, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8, 5, 728–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaujot, R., Du, C. J. and Ravanera, Z. (2013) ‘Family policies in Quebec and the rest of Canada: implications for fertility, child-care, women’s paid work, and child development indicators’, Canadian Public Policy, 39, 2, 221–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, L. (2015) ‘Hiding in plain sight – au pairs in Australia’, in Cox, R. (ed.), Au Pairs’ Lives in Global Context, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 187202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigras, N., Lehrer, J., Quiroz-Saavedra, R., Gagnon, C., April, J. and Dion, J. (2017) ‘To prepare vulnerable families to attend educational childcare services’, La Revue Internationale de l’éducation Familiale, 42, 2, 6388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, M. and Perales, F. (2016) ‘Hours of paid work among single and partnered mothers in Australia: the role of child care packages’, Journal of Family Issues, 37, 321–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitkreuz, R. and Colen, K. (2018) ‘Who cares? Motivations for unregulated child care use’, Journal of Family Issues, 39, 17, 4066–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, D. (2014) ‘The business of care: Australia’s experiment with the marketisation of childcare’, in Miller, O. and Orhcard, L. (eds.), Australian Public Policy: Progressive Ideas in the Neoliberal Ascendency, Great Britain: Policy Press, 151–67.Google Scholar
Brennan, D., Charlesworth, S., Adamson, E. and Cortis, N. (2017) ‘Out of kilter: changing care, migration and employment regimes in Australia’, in Michel, S. and Peng, I. (eds.), Gender, Migration, and the Work of Care: A Multi-Scalar Approach to the Pacific Rim, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 143–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bromer, J. and Henly, J.R. (2009) ‘The work-family support roles of childcare providers across settings’, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24, 1, 271–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K., Ecclestone, K. and Emmel, N. (2017) ‘The many faces of vulnerability’, Social Policy and Society, 16, 3, 497510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, J.S. (2015) The Nanny Time Bomb: Navigating the Crisis in Child Care, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Caraher, K. and Reuter, E. (2017) ‘Vulnerability of the ‘entrepreneurial self’: analysing the interplay between labour markets and social policy’, Social Policy and Society, 16, 3, 483–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cebrián, I., Davia, M. A., Legazpe, N. and Moreno, G. (2019) ‘Mothers’ employment and child care choices across the European Union’, Social Science Research, 80, 6682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childcare Aware of America (2015) Parents and the High Cost of Childcare: 2015 Report. Arlington, VA: Author.Google Scholar
Cole, A. (2016) ‘All of us are vulnerable, but some are more vulnerable than others: the political ambiguity of vulnerability studies, an ambivalent critique’, Critical Horizons, 17, 2, 260–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colen, K. and Breitkreuz, R. (2019) ‘Paying the price: constrained choice and the consumption of unregulated child care in Alberta’, Community, Work and Family, doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1584088.Google Scholar
Cook, K., Corr, L. and Breitkreuz, R. (2016) ‘The framing of Australian childcare policy problems and their solutions’, Critical Social Policy, 37, 1, 4263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, K., Davis, E., Williamson, L., Harrison, L. and Sims, M. (2013) ‘Discourses of professionalism in family day care’, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 14, 2, 112–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, L. and Carey, G. (2017) ‘Investigating the institutional norms and values of the Productivity Commission: the 2011 and 2015 childcare inquiries’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 76, 2, 147–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corr, L., Cook, K., LaMontagne, A. D., Davis, E. and Waters, E. (2017) ‘Early childhood educator mental health: performing the National Quality Standard’, Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42, 4, 97105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, R. (2011) ‘Competitive mothering and delegated care: class relationships in nanny and au pair employment’, Studies in the Maternal, 3, 2, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, E., Freeman, R., Doherty, G., Karlsson, M., Everiss, L., Couch, J., Foote, L., Murray, P., Modigliani, K., Owen, S., Griffin, S., Friendly, M., Mcdonald, G., Bohanna, I., Corr, L., Smyth, L., Morkeseth, E. I, Morreaunet, S., Ogi, M., Fukukawa, S. and Hinke-Rahnau, J. (2012) ‘An international perspective on regulated family day care systems’, Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 37, 4, 127–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodds, S. (2007) ‘Depending on care: recognition of vulnerability and the social contribution of care provision’, Bioethics, 21, 9, 500–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodds, S. (2013) ‘Dependence, care, and vulnerability’, in Mackenzie, C., Rogers, W. and Dodds, S. (eds.), Vulnerability: New Essays in Ethics and Feminist Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. E-book.Google Scholar
Doherty, G., Lero, D. S., Goelman, H., Tougas, J. and LaGrange, A. (2000) Caring and Learning Environments: Quality in Regulated Family Child Care across Canada. You Bet I Care!, Guelph, Canada: Centre for Families, Work and Well-Being, University of Guelph, Ontario, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED453903.pdf [accessed 22.05.2020].Google Scholar
Duncan, S. and Edwards, R. (1999) Lone Mothers, Paid Workers, and Gendered Moral Rationalities, New York: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. (eds.) (2002) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, New York: Henry Holt & Company.Google Scholar
Enloe, C. (2000) Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics, 2nd edn, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fineman, M. A. and Grear, A. (2013) ‘Introduction’, in Grear, A. and Fineman, M. A. (eds.), Vulnerability: Reflections on a New Ethical Foundation for Law and Politics, Routledge, E-book.Google Scholar
Forry, N., Iruka, I., Tout, K., Torquati, J., Susman-Stillman, A., Bryant, D. and Daneri, M. P. (2013) ‘Predictors of quality and child outcomes in family child care settings’, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 4, 893904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friendly, M., Larson, E., Feltham, L., Grady, B., Forer, B. and Jones, M. (2018) Early Childhood Education and Care in Canada, 2016, Toronto, ON: Child Care Resource and Research Unit.Google Scholar
Gilson, E. (2011) ‘Vulnerability, ignorance, and oppression’, Hypatia, 26, 2, 308–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grear, A. (2013) ‘Vulnerability, advanced global capitalism and co-symptomatic injustice: locating the vulnerable subject’, in Grear, A. and Fineman, M. A. (eds.), Vulnerability: Reflections on a New Ethical Foundation for Law and Politics, Routledge, E-book.Google Scholar
Groves, J. M. and Lui, L. (2012) ‘The ‘gift’ of help: domestic helpers and the maintenance of hierarchy in the household division of labour’, Sociology, 46, 1, 5773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, S. (1996) The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (2002) ‘Love and gold’, in Ehrenreich, B. and Hochschild, A. R. (eds.), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy, New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1530.Google Scholar
Horne, R. M. and Breitkreuz, R. S. (2018) ‘The motherhood sacrifice: maternal experiences of child care in the Canadian context’, Journal of Family Studies, 24, 2, 126–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Labour Organisation (2015) ILO Global Estimates of Migrant Workers and Migrant Domestic Workers: Results and Methodology, Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
Jokela, M. (2018) ‘Patterns of precarious employment in a female-dominated sector in five welfare states: the case of paid domestic labor sector’, Social Politics, 26, 1, 3058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, C. (2006) ‘The state goes home: local hypervigilance of children and the global retreat from social reproduction’, in Monahan, T. (eds.), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life, Florence: CRC Press, 2736.Google Scholar
Kittay, E. F. (1999) Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency, Routledge: New York.Google Scholar
Knijn, T. and Lewis, J. (2017) ‘ECEC: Childcare markets in the Netherlands and England’, in Unger, B., van der Linde, D. and Getzner, M. (eds.), Public or Private Goods?, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 150–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornrich, A. and Roberts, S. (2018) ‘Household income, women’s earnings, and spending on household services, 1980–2010’, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 80, 1, 150–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristensen, G. K. (2017) ‘“My home is my castle”. The Norwegian home in times of paid migrant domestic labour’, Culture and Organization, 23, 4, 277–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laliberté, A. (2017) ‘Responses to abuse against migrant domestic workers: a multi-scalar comparison of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Shanghai’, in Michel, S. and Peng, I. (eds.), Gender, Migration, and the Work of Care: A Multi-Scalar Approach to the Pacific Rim, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 115–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land, H. (2002) ‘Spheres of care in the UK: separate and unequal’, Critical Social Policy, 22, 1, 1332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laperrière, M., Orloff, O. S. and Pryma, J. (2019) ‘Commodification, vulnerability, risk: gendered social policy developments in the United States, 1980–2018’, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 35, 1, 4158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutz, H. (2015) ‘Myra’s predicament: motherhood dilemmas for migrant care workers’, Social Politics, 22, 3, 341–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonald, C. (2009) ‘What’s culture got to do with it? Mother ideologies as barriers to gender equality’, in Gornick, J. and Meyers, M. (eds.), Gender Inequality, New York: Verso, 411–37.Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. (2010) Shadow Mothers: Nannies, Au Pairs, and the Micropolitics of Mothering, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, C., Rogers, W. and Dodds, S. (2013) ‘Introduction: what is vulnerability, and why does it matter for moral theory?’, in Mackenzie, C., Rogers, W., and Dodds, S. (eds.), Vulnerability: New Essays in Ethics and Feminist Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, E-book.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnuson, K. and Waldfogel, J. (2016) ‘Trends in income-related gaps in enrollment in early childhood education: 1968 to 2013’, American Educational Research Association Open, 2, 2, 113.Google ScholarPubMed
Mahon, R. and Robinson, F. (2011) Feminist Ethics and Social Policy: Towards a New Global Political Economy, Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Michel, N. (2016) ‘Accounts of injury as misappropriations of race: towards a critical black politics of vulnerability’, Critical Horizons, 17, 2, 240–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, S. and Peng, I. (2017) ‘Introduction’, in Michel, S. and Peng, I. (eds.), Gender, Migration, and the Work of Care: A Multi-Scalar Approach to the Pacific Rim, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momsen, J. H. (2003) ‘Maids on the move: victim or victor’, in Momsen, J. H. (ed.), Gender, Migration and Domestic Service, Routledge, E-book.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2019) Early Childhood Education and Care – Home, https://www.oecd.org/education/school/earlychildhoodeducationandcare.htm [accessed 22.05.2020].Google Scholar
Roberts, E. and Speight, S. (2017) Childcare Use and Attitudes, London: NatCen Social Research for Save the Children.Google Scholar
Standing, G. (2011) The Precariat: A New Dangerous Class, London: Bloomsbury Academic. Google Scholar
Suleman, F. (2015) ‘The employment relationship in an (almost) structureless labour market: the case of domestic work’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 39, 3, 733–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, J. A. (2010) ‘Mothering, guilt and shame’, Sociology Compass, 4, 5, 310–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomei, M. (2011) ‘Decent work for domestic workers: reflections on recent approaches to tackle informality’, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law/Revue Femmes et Droit, 23, 1, 185211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, B.S. (2006) Vulnerability and Human Rights, University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
UNICEF (2008) The Child Care Transition: The Child Care Transition, Innocenti Report Card 8, Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Google Scholar
Van Lacker, W. and Ghysels, J. (2016) ‘Explaining patterns of inequality in childcare service use across 31 developed economies: a welfare state perspective’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 57, 5, 310–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Walsum, S. (2011) ‘Regulating migrant domestic work in the Netherlands: opportunities and pitfalls’, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law/Revue Femmes et Droit, 23, 1, 141–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, F. and Gavanas, A. (2008) ‘The intersection of childcare regimes and migration regimes: a three-country study’, in Lutz, H. (ed.), Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme, Surrey: Ashgate, 1328.Google Scholar
Zelizer, V. (1997) The Social Meaning of Money, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar