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²⁵ A point made by Warren, “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?” 331.

²⁶ Dobel, Patrick, “The Corruption of a State,” American Political Science Review 72 (1978): 958–73;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Teachout, Corruption in America, 51–53.

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³² Dawood, “Classifying Corruption,” 108–11.

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³⁵ Warren, “The Meaning of Corruption,” 52; see also “What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy?” 338.

³⁶ Habermas, Jürgen, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. Lenhardt, Christian and Nicholsen, Shierry Weber (Cambridge: Polity, 1990), 65–66.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Blau, Adrian, “Hobbes on Corruption,” History of Political Thought 30 (2009): 606–11.Google Scholar

³⁹ Blau, “Hobbes on Corruption.”

⁴⁰ Buchan and Hill, An Intellectual History of Political Corruption, 16.

⁴¹ But see Hampshire, Stuart, “Public and Private Morality,” in Hampshire, Stuart, ed., Public and Private Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 51;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Talisse, Robert, Democracy and Moral Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 87, 106, 122, 165;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Hellman, “Defining Corruption,” 1388, 1397–99.

⁴² Pitkin, Hanna, Fortune is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccolò Machiavelli, extended edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 25.Google Scholar See, for example, Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans. Harvey Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996), book 1 chapter 6, p. 23; book 1, chap. 19, p. 52; book 2, chap. 2, pp. 131–32.

⁴³ Dobel, “Corruption of a State.”

⁴⁴ Machiavelli, , The Comedies of Machiavelli, ed. and trans. Sices, David and Atkinson, James (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2007), 135.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ On cognitive corruption preceding political corruption, see likewise Blau, “Hobbes on Corruption,” 605–6.

⁴⁶ Machiavelli, Discourses 3.8, 1, 237. (Hereafter, references to Machiavelli follow the following format: book. chapter, page.) But compare Machiavelli, Florentine Histories, trans. Laura Banfield and Harvey Mansfield (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) 4.24, 170, which equates corruption with bribery.

⁴⁷ Machiavelli, Discourses 1.17, 47; see also 1.35, 76; 1.42, 90; 3.8, 237.

⁴⁸ Ibid., preface to book 2, 124.

⁴⁹ Ibid., 1.47, 96.

⁵⁰ Machiavelli, Florentine Histories 7.29, 307.

⁵¹ Ibid., 3.5, 109–12.

⁵² Shumer, Sara, “Machiavelli: Republican Politics and its Corruption,” Political Theory 7 (1979): 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a contemporary variant of this idea, see Satz, Debra, “Markets, Privatization, and Corruption,” Social Research 80 (2013): 996, 998–1006.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Machiavelli, Florentine Histories 2.4, 57.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 3.5, 110–11; emphasis added.

⁵⁸ Machiavelli, “A Discourse on Remodelling the Government of Florence,” in Machiavelli, The Chief Works and Others, Vol. 1, trans. Allan Gilbert (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1958), 103, 109.

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⁶⁴ Ibid., 309; emphasis added.

⁶⁵ Rosenblum, On the Side of the Angels, 25–35.

⁶⁶ E.g., Machiavelli, Florentine Histories 3.5, 110.

⁶⁷ Bentham, Jeremy, Collected Works, ed. Bowring, John (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1838–43), volume 10, 72.Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ This is the main approach in my ongoing book project, Hobbes’s Failed Science of Politics and Ethics. Hobbes can of course be read both forward and backward, as for example with Deborah Baumgold, Hobbes’s Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

⁷⁰ Peter Euben, “Corruption,” in Terence Ball, James Farr and Russell Hanson, eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 231–35; Teachout, Corruption in America, 43.

⁷¹ For an analysis of all of Hobbes’s comments on corruption, see Blau, “Hobbes on Corruption.”

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⁷⁷ Thomas Hobbes, Opera Latina: Thomae Hobbes Malmesburiensis Opera Philosophica Quae Latine Scripsit Omnia, ed. William Molesworth (London: John Bohn, 1839–45), volume 3, 120; Hobbes, Leviathan 15.32, 109; see also On the Citizen 3.21–3.22, 52.

⁷⁸ Hobbes, Leviathan 14.30, 98; see also On the Citizen 2.19, 40; Opera Latina 3, 110.

⁷⁹ Hobbes, On the Citizen 13.17, 152; emphasis added.

⁸⁰ Brooks, “The Nature of Political Corruption,” 13; see also 3–4.

⁸¹ E.g., Punch, Maurice, “Police Corruption and its Prevention,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8 (2000): 302;CrossRefGoogle Scholar deLeon, Peter and Green, Mark, “Political Corruption: Establishing the Parameters,” Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management 13 (2004): 233;Google Scholar Senior, Ian, Corruption–the World’s Big C: Cases, Causes, Consequences, Cures (London: The Institute for Economic Affairs, 2006), 27, 30–32.Google Scholar For Bentham, see Section V below.

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⁸⁵ Hobbes, Leviathan 25.2–25.4, 176–77; 25.6–25.9, 177–78.

⁸⁶ Ibid., 25.6, 177.

⁸⁷ Dryzek, John, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 52–53, 67, 69, 167–68;Google Scholar Krause, Sharon, Civil Passions: Moral Sentiment and Democratic Deliberation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 40–43, 146–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁹⁰ Douglas, Jesseph, Squaring the Circle: the War Between Hobbes and Wallis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 247–92.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Blau, “Hobbes on Corruption,” 602–3.

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⁹⁸ E.g., Bentham, “Economy as Applied to Office,” in Jeremy Bentham, First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code, ed. Philip Schofield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 17.

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¹⁰¹ Bentham, “Economy as Applied to Office,” 17.

¹⁰² Bentham, “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” in Jeremy Bentham, Collected Works, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1838–43), volume 3, 507.

¹⁰³ James Shafe, Counting and Talking, 8, 64–70, 193, 204.

¹⁰⁴ Bentham, “Constitutional Code Rationale,” 261; Bentham, “Jeremy Bentham to his Fellow-Citizens of France,” in Jeremy Bentham, Collected Works, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1838–43), volume 4, 433; Bentham, “Art of Packing,” in Jeremy Bentham, Collected Works, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1838–43), volume 6, at several points.

¹⁰⁵ Bentham, “Fellow-Citizens,” 432.

¹⁰⁶ Bentham, “Constitutional Code,” in Jeremy Bentham, Collected Works, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1838–43), volume 9, 48.

¹⁰⁷ Quoted in Hume, L. J., Bentham and Bureaucracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 184–85;CrossRefGoogle Scholar see also “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” 450, 466.

¹⁰⁸ Bentham, Jeremy, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. Burns, J. H. and Hart, H. L. A. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), chap. 7 sec. 5, 75.Google Scholar

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¹¹¹ Bentham, “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” 482; emphasis removed.

¹¹² Bentham, “Fellow-Citizens,” 433; emphasis removed.

¹¹³ Bentham, “Supreme Operative,” in Jeremy Bentham, First Principles Preparatory to Constitutional Code, ed. Philip Schofield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 224.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., 204.

¹¹⁵ E.g., Bentham, “Economy as Applied to Office,” 24.

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¹¹⁸ E.g., Dahl, Robert, Democracy and its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).Google Scholar

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¹²⁰ Bentham, “Constitutional Code Rationale,” 255–57.

¹²¹ Bentham, “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” 493–94.

¹²² Bentham, “Constitutional Code Rationale,” 264.

¹²³ Bentham, “Economy as Applied to Office,” 21–22.

¹²⁴ Bentham, “Plan of Parliamentary Reform,” 507; see also “Constitutional Code,” 78; “Economy as Applied to Office,” 44; Schofield, “Jeremy Bentham on Political Corruption,” 398.

¹²⁵ Bentham, “Fellow-Citizens,” 436; emphasis removed.

¹²⁶ Bentham, “Appendix A: Division of Power,” in Bentham, Jeremy, Rights, Representation, and Reform: Nonsense Upon Stilts and Other Writings on the French Revolution, ed. Schofield, Philip, Pease-Watkin, Catherine, and Blamires, Cyprian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 409.Google Scholar On corruption as improper dependence, see Lessig, Lawrence, “What an Originalist Would Understand ‘Corruption’ to Mean,” California Law Review 102 (2014): 5–11;Google Scholar see also Sparling, Robert, “Political Corruption and the Concept of Dependence in Republican Thought,” Political Theory 41 (2013), 618–47;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Teachout, Corruption in America, 53–55.

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¹³⁵ Quoted in Mack, Bentham, 422–23.

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¹⁴⁶ Ibid., 2.9, 158.

¹⁴⁷ Mill, “Considerations on Representative Government,” 6, 445.

¹⁴⁸ Blaug, Ricardo, “Cognition in a Hierarchy,” Contemporary Political Theory 6 (2007): 37;CrossRefGoogle Scholar for more analysis see Blaug, Ricardo, How Power Corrupts: Cognition and Democracy in Organisations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁵⁷ Gordon Tullock, book review, Journal of Economic Literature 27 (1989): 659.

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