¹ “Capitalism, Freedom and the Proletariat” in the Idea of Freedom, ed. Alan, Ryan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979)Google Scholar; “Illusions about Private Property and Freedom,” J., Mepham and D., Ruben, eds., Issues in Marxist Philosophy, vol. IV (Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1981)Google Scholar; “Freedom, Justice and Capitalism,” New Left Review, vol. 125 (1981); “The Structure of Proletarian Unfreedom,” J., Roemer, ed., Analytical Marxism (Cambridge University Press, 1986)Google Scholar; and “Are Workers Forced to Sell Their Labor-power?” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 14, no. 1 (1985).

² Cohen, , “Capitalism,” p. 12.Google Scholar

³ Cohen, , “Illusions,” p. 227.Google Scholar

⁴ ibid., pp. 226–227.

⁵ Cohen, , “Capitalism,” pp. 11–12.Google Scholar

⁶ ibid., p. 11.

⁷ ibid., pp. 16–17.

⁸ ibid., p. 17.

⁹ The “negative” view of freedom as noninterference shifts easily into a view of freedom as nonrestriction of options. On this see John Gray, “Negative and Positive Liberty” John, Gray and Z.A., Pelczynsi, eds., Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy (London and New York: Athlone Press and St. Martin's Press, 1984), pp. 321–348.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Cohen, , “Structure,” p. 250Google Scholar, footnote 21.

¹¹ On Berlin's conception of freedom, see Gray, “Negative.”

¹² See Marcuse, H., “Repressive Tolerance,” in A Critique of Repressive Tolerance (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968)Google Scholar, and Arendt, H., “The Revolutionary Tradition and its Lost Treasure,” M., Sandel, ed., Liberalism and Its Critics (New York: New York University Press, 1984), pp. 239–263.Google Scholar

¹³ Brenkert, George G., “Cohen on Proletarian Unfreedom,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 14 (1985), pp. 93–98Google Scholar; Gray, John, “Marxian Freedom, Individual Liberty and the End of Alienation,” Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 3, no. 2 (1986), pp. 170–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ I do not mean to suggest that Cohen's is the best statement of a liberal negative view of freedom, but only that it is Cohen's that I shall deploy in my argument against him.

¹⁵ Cohen, , “Structure,” p. 244.Google Scholar

¹⁶ ibid., p. 245.

¹⁷ ibid., p. 242, footnote 7.

¹⁸ ibid., p. 242.

¹⁹ ibid., p. 244.

²⁰ ibid., p. 241.

²¹ ibid., p. 248.

²² ibid., p. 250.

²³ ibid., p. 250.

²⁴ ibid., p.248.

²⁵ ibid., p. 248.

²⁶ Macpherson, C.B., Democratic Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 154.Google Scholar

²⁷ Cohen, , “Structure,” p. 248.Google Scholar

²⁸ ibid.

²⁹ ibid., p. 249.

³⁰ ibid., p. 251.

³¹ Cohen coments approvingly (“Structure,” p. 245, footnote 10) on Elster's perceptive observation that “such structures [of collective unfreedom] pervade social life.”

³² Cohen, , “Structure,” p. 244.Google Scholar

³³ Cohen, , “Capitalism,” pp. 18–19.Google Scholar

³⁴ Cohen, , “Illusions,” p. 228.Google Scholar

³⁵ Cohen, , “Structure,” p. 238.Google Scholar

³⁶ Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State and Utopia (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1974), p. 30.Google Scholar

³⁷ Cohen, , “Structure,” p. 243, footnote 8.Google Scholar

³⁸ ibid.

³⁹ Cohen, “Freedom,” p. 10.

⁴⁰ Cohen, “Illusions,” p. 224.

⁴¹ Cohen, “Structure,” p. 242.

⁴² ibid., p. 244.

⁴³ ibid., p. 241.

⁴⁴ For example, Felix Oppenheim. See his “‘Constraints on Freedom’ as a Descriptive Concept,” Ethics, vol. 95 (1985), pp. 305–309, and Political Concepts: a Reconstruction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

⁴⁵ Raz, Joseph, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 14.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ ibid., p. 16.

⁴⁷ For an argument that power is best theorized value-neutrally, see Gray, John, “Political Power, Social Theory and Essential Contestability,” D., Miller and L., Siedentop, eds., The Nature of Political Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ The idea of a moral notion is explored in Kovesi, J., Moral Notions (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See, on this, Raz, The Morality of Freedom.

⁵⁰ Cohen, , “Capitalism,” p. 15.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Cohen, , “Illusions,” p. 232.Google Scholar

⁵² ibid., p. 233.

⁵³ On this see Gray, John, “Liberalism and the Choice of Liberties,” T.A., Hig, D., Callen, and J., Gray, eds., The Restraint of Liberty: Bowling Green Studies in Applied Philosophy, vol. VII (1985), pp. 1–25.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Cohen, , “Illusions,” p. 233.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ With reference to Rawls's later writings, I refer especially to “The Basic Liberties and Their Priority,” Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1981).

⁵⁶ See Gray, John, “Marxian Freedom, Individual Liberty, and the End of Alienation,” Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 3, no. 2 (1986), pp. 180–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁷ Hayek, F. A., The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1960), p. 121.Google Scholar The central content of Hayek's argument is stated in somewhat Marxian fashion by Reiman, Jeffrey, Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 16, no. 2 (Winter, 1987), p. 41Google Scholar: “The space between a plurality of centers of power may be just the space in which freedom occurs, and conflicts between the centers may work to keep that space open … as a material fact, state ownership might… represent a condition in which people were more vulnerable to, or less able to resist or escape from, force than they are in capitalism. It follows that, even if socialism ends capitalist slavery, it remains possible, on materialist grounds, that some achievable form of capitalism will be morally superior to any achievable form of socialism.”

⁵⁸ Trotsky, Leon, The Revolution Betrayed (New York: Pathfinder Books, 1937), p. 76.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Cohen, , “Capitalism,” p. 258.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Hayek, , The Constitution of Liberty, p. 126.Google Scholar

⁶¹ For the argument that private property maximizes the liberty even of those who have none, see Gray, John, Liberalism (Milton Keynes: Open University Press and Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), pp. 66–68.Google Scholar

⁶² Cohen, , “Illusions,” p. 224.Google Scholar

⁶³ On positional goods, see John, Gray, “Classical Liberalism, Positional Goods and the Politicization of Property,” Adrian, Ellis and Krishnan, Kumar, eds., Dilemmas of Liberal Democracies (London: Tavistock, 1983), pp. 174–184.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ A mass of evidence exists as to the extent of politically enforced social stratifications in the USSR. A useful survey of some of it is to be found in Simis, K., “The Machinery of Corruption in the Soviet Union,” Survey, vol. 23, no. 4 (Autumn 1977–8).Google Scholar