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³⁵ Ryan and Deci, “Self-Determination Theory,” 56.

³⁶ See also Grant, A. M., “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93, no. 1 (2008): 48–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

³⁷ Grant, “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire? 48–58.

³⁸ In his paper, Grant refers to motivations as desires, so that intrinsic motivation is “the desire to expend effort based on interest in and enjoyment of the work itself” and pro-social motivation is “the desire to expend effort to benefit other people” (Grant, “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire?" 49). I have not repeated this full definition because it is pretty clear to me that it is incorrect to define a motivation as a desire; at the very least this needs to be amended to the desire that is acted on, since we may have plenty of desires that are latent or not acted on.

³⁹ It is not clear that motivations like fairness fit so neatly into this dichotomy, since fairness can be about following correct processes (procedural) as well as about fair outcomes.

⁴⁰ We might note that it is not so clear whether this contention is true. Grant’s position (see “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire”) is consistent with that of other researchers who have hypothesized that self-control and cooperation (especially in prisoner’s dilemmas) both require the subjugation of short-term goals for long-term ones (Dewitte, S., and Cremer, D. D., “Self-Control and Cooperation: Different Concepts, Similar Decisions? A Question of the Right Perspective,” The Journal of Psychology 135 no. 2 [2001]: 133–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed) However, there is evidence that cooperation in prisoner’s dilemmas is the spontanteous, intuitive response, which is reigned in by reflective decision-making (D. G. Rand and M. A. Nowak, “Human Cooperation,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17, no. 8 [2013] 413–25), which suggests that self-control doesn’t require self-regulation so much as not thinking.

⁴¹ Grant, “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire?” 49.

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⁵⁴ However, we cannot assume that a player would see any given decomposition from the parent game because, if a prisoner’s dilemma is decomposable, then there are an infinite number of possible decompositions (Messick and McClintock, “Motivational Bases of Choice in Experimental Games).

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