¹ Maximilien de Robespierre, “Sur les principes de morale politique qui doivent guider la Convention nationale dans l’administration intérieure de la République,” Address to the National Convention, February 5, 1794 in Œuvres de Robespierre 301, A. Vermorel, ed. (Paris: F. Cournol, 1867).

² Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. ___ (2014).

³ Tesco Supermarkets Ltd. v. Nattrass, [1972] A.C. 153.

⁴ Jensen, Michael, “Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers,” American Economic Review 76, no. 2 (1986): 323.Google Scholar

⁵ Trivers, Robert L., “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46, no. 1 (1971): 35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁷ Jennifer Senior, “In Conversation: Antonin Scalia,” New York, Oct. 6, 2013.

⁸ McDonnell v. United States, __ U.S. __ (2016), rev’g 792 F.3d 478 (2015).

⁹ 18 U.S.C. §§ 201(b)(2), 201(a)(3).

¹⁰ Howard v. United States, 345 F.2d 126, 128 (1st Cir., 1965), f’lld. in United States v. McDonnell, __ F.3d __ (4^th Cir., 2015).

¹¹ Stephanopoulos, Nicholas O., “Elections and Alignment,” Columbia Law Review 114 (2014), 283.Google Scholar

¹² Maximilien de Robespierre, “Sur la constitution,” in Œuvres de Robespierre, at 276, 278.

¹³ See Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Volume II: The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series 18 July 1784 – 18 May 1785, W. W. Abbot, ed. (Charlottesville, VA and London: University of Virginia Press, 1992), 165.

¹⁶ The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 1 (Elbridge Gerry, May 31); (Randolph, May 31), Max Farrand, ed., rev. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937), 48; 51 (hereafter “Farrand”).

¹⁷ Farrand, II.31 (July 17).

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²⁰ 424 U.S., at 48–49.

²¹ Teachout, Zephyr, Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin’s Snuff Box to Citizens United (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).Google Scholar

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²³ Apart from the federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. §§ 201(b)(2), 201(a)(3), several other federal criminal offenses piggyback on the bribery prohibition. The Supreme Court has held that the honest services wire fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346.16, which requires the government to prove that the defendant sought to carry out a fraudulent scheme to defraud a person of his intangible right to honest services, creates an antibribery offense. Skilling v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2896, 2933 (2010). A second statute, the Hobbs Act, makes it criminal to commit extortion by obtaining property “under color of official right,” 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(2), which again the Supreme Court has found comes down to taking a bribe. Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255, 260, 268 (1992).

²⁴ Milbank, Dana, “On Health-care Bill, Democratic Senators are in States of Denial,” Washington Post, December 22, 2009;Google Scholar Frates, Chris, “Payoffs for States get Harry Reid to 60 Votes,” Politico, December 19, 2009.Google Scholar

²⁵ United States v. Blagojevich, ___ F.3d ___ (7^th Cir., 2015), cert. den. ___ U.S. ___ (2016).

²⁶ 18 U.S.C. § 201(c)(1)(A), 5 U.S.C.S. § 7353.

²⁷ 424 U.S. 1 (1976).

²⁸ Gold, Mattea and Hamburger, Tom, “Political Parties Go after Million Dollar Donors in Wake of Looser Rules,” Washington Post, September 19, 2015.Google Scholar

²⁹ Gold, Matea and Narayanswamy, Anu, “Bigger Role for Donors this Year,” Washington Post, October 6, 2016.Google Scholar

³⁰ See Strassel, Kimberley, The Intimidation Game: How the Left is Silencing Free Speech (New York: Twelve, 2016).Google Scholar

³¹ “Lobbying Law in the Spotlight: Challenges and Proposed Improvements—Report of the Task Force on Federal Lobbying Laws,” American Bar Association Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, January 3, 2011.