1. For a review of a select number of recent monographs in a broader context of comparative history, see Geoff Eley, “Nationalism and Social History,” Social History, 6, no. 1 (January 1981):83–107, and “German Politics and Polish Nationality: The Dialectics of Nation-Forming in the East of Prussia,” East European Quarterly, 18, no. 1 (September 1984): 335–64.

2. Miroslav Hroch, Die Vorkämpfer der nationalen Bewegung bei den kleinen Völkern Europas(Acta Universitatis Carolinae Philosophica et Historica, monographia XXIV, Prague, 1968).

3. Č. P., “On the Periodization of Czech History,” in Milič Čapek and Karel Hrubý, eds., T. G.Masaryk in Perspective (n.p., SVU Press, 1981), pp. 274–75.

4. Jan MiličLochman, “Emanuel Rádl: In Masaryk's Footsteps,” Čapek and Hrubý, Masaryk in Perspective, pp. 88 and 90.

5. Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism(London: Verso and NLB, 1983), p. 14 Google Scholar.

6. Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, N.Y. and London: Cornell University Press,1983), p. 124.Google Scholar

7. Seton-Watson, Hugh, Nations and States (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1977), p. 445.Google Scholar

8. Smith, Anthony D., Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1979), pp. 13 and 186Google Scholar, and Smith, , Theories of Nationalism (New York: Harper and Row,1973), pp. 21–23.Google Scholar

9. Crick, Bernard, In Defence of Politics (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1966), p. 78.Google Scholar

10. “Constitutional Project for Corsica,” Watkins, Frederick, ed. and tr., Rousseau: Political Writings (Edinburgh: Nelson, 1953), p. 293 Google Scholar. Compare this with Rousseau's remarks on pp. 277–78 on the proper relationship between the government and the people.

11. “Considerations on the Government of Poland,” Watkins, Rousseau, p. 168.

12. Cobban, Alfred, Rousseau and the Modern State (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1961),p. 176.Google Scholar

13. Berlin, Isaiah, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking, 1980),p. 350.Google Scholar

14. Graus, František, “Slavs and Germans,” in Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed., Eastern and Western Europe in the Middle Ages (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), pp. 15–42.Google Scholar

15. Emerson, Rupert, From Empire to Nation: The Rise of Self-Determination of Asian and African Peoples (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16. Potter, David M., “The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa,” in Riasanovsky, Alexander and Reznik, Barnes, eds., Generalizations in Historical Writing (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963), pp. 125–27Google Scholar, discusses cases drawn from Eastern Europe.

17. Berlin, Against the Current, p. 337.

18. Acton, Lord, Essays on Freedom and Power (London: Thames and Hudson, 1956), pp. 146 Google Scholar—47. For the history of Polish nationalism after the Partitions, and for a perfect example of how intellectual history remains essential for the study of nationalism, see Walicki, Andrzej, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982)Google Scholar.

19. Brian Weinstein, “Language Strategists: Redefining Political Frontiers on the Basis of Linguistic Choices,” World Politics, 31, no. 3 (April 1979): 345–64.

20. Chlebowczyk, Józef, “Świadomośĉ historyczna jako element procesów narodotwórczych we wschodniej Europie Środkowej,” in Heck, Roman, ed., Polska, czeska i słowacka świadomośĉ historyczna XIX wieku (Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1979), pp. 9–24 Google Scholar, considers historical and linguistic consciousness a “nation-forming” factor and in this light recognizes the historian Palacký as a true “father” of his nation.

21. Hroch, Die Vorkämpfer, p. 24.

22. Argyle, W. J., “Size and Scale as Factors in the Development of Nationalist Movements, “in Smith, Anthony D., ed., Nationalist Movements (London: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 31–33 Google Scholar.

23. Grew, Raymond, “The Crises and Their Sequences,” in Grew, , ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 6–7 Google Scholar, and Binder, Leonard et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971)Google Scholar. The Grew volume contains three case studies in the sphere of interest of the Slavic Review: “Germany” by John R. Gillis, “Russia” by Walter M. Pintner, and “Poland “by Roman Szporluk.

24. This was suggested in Szporluk, “Poland,” pp. 383–416.

25. Anderson, Imagined Communities, pp. 14–15.

26. Gellner, Ernest, Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964), p. 169 Google Scholar,quoted in Anderson, p. 15. Gellner's most recent Nations and Nationalism restates this point with a vengeance (see pp. 48–49, 50, 55, 123–25, and so on).

27. Frank Mocha, “The Karamzin-Lelewel Controversy,” Slavic Review, 31, no. 3 (September 1972): 592–610.

28. For a case study, see Brock, Peter, The Slovak National Awakening: An Essay in the Intellectual History of East Central Europe (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29. Lochman, “Emanuel Rádl,” in Čapek and Hrubý, Masaryk in Perspective, p. 89 (see also p. 94). Since Campbell notes recent interest among Czechs in Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848), it may be noted that Bolzano proposed a political and territorial, not linguistic, principle of identity for the people of Bohemia before the revolution of 1848. (See his Schriften [Prague, 1930], vol. I, pp. xiii xiv,and Vom besten Staate [Prague, 1932], p. 111.) Bolzano's “model” lost to Palacký's formula that the “content” of Czech history is contained in the struggle of the Slavs with “Rome” and “the Germans.” By 1914 the idea that the Czechs and Germans of Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia could form a single political (but bilingual) nation had long ceased to be a realistic prospect,if it had ever been one.

30. A. J. P. Taylor, Europe: Grandeur and Decline (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1967),p. 179. (But see critical observations on p. 180.)

31. Č. P., “On the Periodization,” p. 275.

32. Günther Stökl, “Die kleinen Völker und die Geschichte,” Historische Zeitschrift, 212, no. 1(1971): 19–40, cites the relevant writings of Masaryk and discusses them in a wider context.

33. This is a theme in my Political Thought of Thomas G. Masaryk (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1981), chapters 5–7, where references to the sources and literature may be found.

34. This view was current in Western scholarship too. See for example S. Harrison Thomson's conclusion of an essay on Masaryk's historical ideas: “It would be difficult to find a clearer proof of any thesis than the actualization of this view in the free Czechoslovak Republic of Masaryk and Beneš” ( “T G. Masaryk and Czech Historiography,” Journal of Central European Affairs, 10 (1950):52).

35. See Jan Patočka, “An Attempt at a Czech National Philosophy and Its Failure,” Čapek and Hrub, Masaryk in Perspective, p. 20; Eva Schmidt-Hartmann, “T. G. Masaryk und die Volksdemokratie, “Bohemia, 23, no. 2 (1982): 370–87 (but see especially pp. 371–72); and Branislav Štefánek, “Humanitätsideal als Ideologie: Ein Beitrag zur Deutung von Masaryks Philosophie, “Bohemia, 22, no. 1 (1981): 79–104.