We thank the anonymous readers for Slavic Review and its editor as well as Kate Brown, Matt Pauly, and Ron Suny for their helpful comments and suggestions on successive draft s of this essay, and Duncan Tarr for his bibliographic assistance. We presented oral versions of this article to the Europeanist colloquium at Michigan State University, the Midwest Russian Historians Workshop at the University of Toronto, the European University of St. Petersburg, and the European Social Science History Conference in Valencia.

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37. Perevedentsev, “Population Migrations,” 22–23.

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49. Considered a nationality according to Soviet practice, Jews lacked a “national homeland” (rodina) of their own until Soviet authorities created one for them along the Chinese border—the Birobidjan Autonomous Oblast—in 1934. No more than 30,000 Jews lived in the territory at any one time. See Weinberg, Robert, Stalin's Forgotten Zion: Birobi dzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 (Berkeley, 1998)Google Scholar.

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53. Manley, To the Tashkent Station, 180–82.

54. For the account by Genya Batasheva of her and her friend Manya's survival of the Baby Yar massacre, evacuation to Tashkent, temporary residence with Batasheva's aunt in Omsk and reconnections with their miraculously surviving fathers, see Siegelbaum and Moch, Broad Is My Native Land, 254, 262.

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60. See for example Aili Valdrand, who, exiled to Siberia as a thirteen-year old, returned nine years later to her native Estonia feeling estranged, “stupid and backward.” Kirss, Tiina and Hinrikus, Rutt, eds. Estonian Life Stories (Budapest, 2009), 439–55Google Scholar. See also Bachmann, Berta, Memories of Kazakhstan: A Report on the Life Experiences of a German Woman in Russia (Lincoln, 1993)Google Scholar; Kalniete, Sandra, With Dance Shoes in Siberian Snows (Champaign, 2009)Google Scholar.

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