1 Tucker, Robert C., “A Credo of Conservatism,” Problems of Communism, X, No. 5 (Sept. Oct., 1961), 1–4 Google Scholar.

2 cf. Hoeffding, Oleg, “The Soviet Industrial Reorganization of 1957,” American Economic Review, XLIX, No. 2 (May, 1959), 65–67 Google Scholar.

3 As of January 1, 1961, the volume of unfinished construction was 21.4 billion (new) rubles, and the increment for the preceding year was 2.4 billion rubles , Sept. 4, 1961, p. 14). The total of construction by the state, centralized and decentralized, in 1960 was 19.3 billion rubles. The amount of uninstalled equipment as of May 1, 1961, on enterprises subordinated to republic Councils of Ministers (accounting for 94 per cent of gross industrial production in the country) was 2.47 billion rubles , Dec. 18, 1961, p. 7). Total investment in machinery in the state sector during 1960 was about 9.3 billion rubles. 1960 data from . (Moscow: IJCy CCCP, 1961), pp. 591–92.

4 , Oct. 18, 1961, p. 6.

5 See particularly his “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective” in Bert Hoselitz, F., ed., The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas (Chicago, 1952)Google Scholar.

6 On active and passive money in alternative economic systems see, for example, Wiles, P. J. D., “Rationality, the Market, Decentralization, and the Territorial Principle” in Grossman, G., ed., Value and Plan (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1960), esp. pp. 188 ffGoogle Scholar.

7 It is said that some peasants deciphered the then initials of the party, VKP(b), as Vtoroe krepostnoe pravo (bol'shevikov) (“The Second Serfdom, that of the Bolsheviks“).

8 According to the January, 1959, census, kolkhozniki engaged in “social production“ represented just under one–third of the total active population (excluding that engaged in private subsidiary agriculture).

9 See Beermann, R, “The Parasites Law,” Soviet Studies, XIII, No. 2, 191–205 Google Scholar.

10 The Program aims at drawing an even higher percentage of women into gainful employment by means of expanded child–care facilities, shortcuts for housework, and higher minimum wages. The anti–parasite laws could presumably be employed to the same end. The drafters of the Program were probably aware that strong countertendencies may be appearing as the housing shortage is alleviated, real incomes of primary breadwinners rise, and the over–all sense of national or social urgency declines.

11 With regard to this paragraph see particularly the following articles by Brown, Emily Clark: “The Local Union in Soviet Industry: Its Relations with Members, Party, and Management,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, XIII, No. 2 (Jan., 1960), 192–215 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “A Note on Employment and Unemployment in the Soviet Union in the Light of Technical Progress,” Soviet Studies, XII, No. 3, 231–40. On the recent wage reform see Galenson, Walter, “The Soviet Wage Reform,” Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting, Industrial Relations Research Association (1961), pp. 250–65Google Scholar.

12 For instance, the nominal rentals for urban sites and rather low stumpage fees in forestry.

13 Note, for example, Khrushchev's point that the USSR might have to pay in gold for any food imports from “capitalist countries” (, Dec. 16, 1961, p. 2).

14 See, for example, Campbell, Robert W., “Marx, Kantorovich, and Novozhilov: Stoimost' versus Reality,” Slavic Review, XX, No. 3 (Oct., 1961), 402–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 , Sept. 25, 1961, pp. 13-14.

16 Reference is primarily to the decree of the Council of Ministers USSR, entitled “On Increasing the Rights of Enterprise Directors,” dated August 9, 1955.

17 E.g., , Oct. 9, 1961, p. 23, and Dec. 18, 1961, pp. 8–12.

18 See especially Khrushchev's speech before a construction conference on April 12, 1958, printed (with considerable delay) in , July 2, 1958.

19 , May 28, 1961, p. 2, and Problems of Communism, X, No. 5 (Sept.-Oct., 1961), 46-48.

20 As of December, 1961, there exist the following “branch” State Commissions of the Council of Ministers USSR in industry and construction: automation and machine-building, aviation equipment, defense equipment, radio-electronics, electronic equipment, shipbuilding, chemical industry, ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuels, atomic energy, construction (, Dec. 9, 1961, p. 2).

21 A noticeable recentralizing trend is proceeding at the time of this writing (end of 1961), affecting particularly “plan indicators,” research, investment, and the construction industry. See, for example, , Dec. 7, 1961, p. 4, and . Oct. 9, 1961, p. 9, Nov. 27, 1961, p. 28, Dec. 18, 1961, pp. 4 and 7–8.

22 , Oct. 23, 1961, pp. 21–23.

23 For recent confirmation see Khrushchev's speech, , Dec. 25, 1961, p. 1.

24 See Michal, Jan M., Central Planning in Czechoslovakia (Stanford, 1960), pp. 53 ffGoogle Scholar.

25 , Dec. 4, 1961, p. 7.

26 Ibid., June 23, 1961, p. 2.

27 See above, note 21.

28 The budget for 1962 (, Dec. 7, 1961) increases defense outlay to 13.4 billion rubles, or nearly 45 per cent above the amount originally budgeted for 1961. It is difficult at the moment to say to what extent this is a “real” increase. Note, however, that planned capital investments are to increase in 1962 by 8.1 per cent, against the 12-13 per cent planned for each of the two preceding years, while noncentralized investments are being reduced in absolute amount in comparison with 1961.

29 . Oct. 10, 1961, p. 6.

30 Newth, J. A., “Soviet Agriculture: The Private Sector, 1950–1959,” Soviet Studies, XIII, No. 2 (Oct., 1961), 160–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Cf. Ulam, Adam B., “The New Face of Soviet Totalitarianism,” World Politics, XII, No. 3 (April, 1960), 391–412 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Addendum in proof: The March, 1962, Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU took place since these lines were written. Its proceedings serve to highlight several points made in the present article—among them, the tendency to centralize in response to mounting pressure on resources, a tendency that in this instance may eventually have significant impact beyond the bounds of agriculture itself.