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Social Democracy in Tsarist Lithuania, 1893-1904

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Leonas Sabaliūnas
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From the demise of Poland-Lithuania in 1795 until their emergence as two independent states in 1918, Lithuania was an integral part of the Russian Empire. At the close of the nineteenth century the Lithuanian provinces of that empire had a total population of approximately 2.6 million. Ethnic Lithuanians, 63 percent of the total number of inhabitants, lived mainly in rural regions and were engaged in farming; the rest were members of other ethnic groups, mostly Jews and Poles, who resided in towns and depended for their livelihood on the urban economy. The dominant agricultural hinterland possessed a considerable degree of ethnic unity. The urban centers were multinational. The influx of Russian military and civilian personnel, if small in relation to the total population, contributed to this intermixture of nationalities.

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Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , June 1972 , pp. 323 - 342
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Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1972

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References

1. The name of the party changed several times. It was first known as the Lithuanian Social Democratic Group, then as the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, and finally as the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. Its widely used abbreviation, LSDP, is retained in the present article.

2. See A. Lietuvis [Alfonsas Moravskis], “Lietuvos darbininkụ judėjimo istorija sąryšy su Lietuvos valstybės atgimimo judėjimu” [A History of the Lithuanian Labor Movement in Connection with the Movement Toward a Rebirth of the Lithuanian State], Kultūra, 1933, no. 1, pp. 13-14 (hereafter cited as Moravskis in Kultūra) ; A. Lietuvis, “Die lithauische Arbeiterbewegung,” Die Neue Zeit, no. 49 (1899), p. 710.

3. Socialdemokratas, May 6, 1926, p. 2.

4. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 2, p. 70.

5. Martov, Iu., Zapiski sotsialdemokrata (Berlin, 1922), pp. 196–98.Google Scholar

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7. Ulam, Bolsheviks, p. 119.

8. See Bukhbinder, N. A., “I s"ezd ‘Vseobshchego evreiskogo rabochego soiuza’ ‘Bunda, ’” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1924, no. 11, p. 203 Google Scholar. See also Martov, Zapiski sotsialdemokrata, pp. 244-46; Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, p. 23.

9. Bukhbinder, “I s"ezd ‘Vseobshchego evreiskogo rabochego soiuza’ ‘Bunda, ’ ” p. 203.

10. Ibid., pp. 205-6.

11. Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, p. 22.

12. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 2, p. 71. Merkys, Cf. V., Narodnikai ir pirmieji marksistai Lietuvoje [The Populists and the First Marxists in Lithuania] (Vilnius, 1967), p. 115.Google Scholar

13. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 3, p. 138; Socialdemokratas, May 6, 1926, p. 2; Merkys, Narodnikai, p. 123; Haustein, Ulrich, Sozialismus und nationale Frage in Polen (Cologne, 1969), pp. 137, 141.Google Scholar

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15. On the relations between the PPS and the LSDP see Kairys, Steponas, Lietuva budo [Lithuania Was Awakening] (New York, 1957), pp. 273, 288-304.Google Scholar

16. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 3, p. 139;Google Scholar Socialdemokratas, May 6, 1926, p. 2; Mikas, , “Lietuvos socijaldemokratụ partija” [The Social Democratic Party of Lithuania], Kova [Struggle], May 17, 1907, p. 277 Google Scholar; Kapsukas, V, “Pirmieji L.S.D. žingsniai” [The First Steps of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania], Naujoji gadynė [The New Era], no. 3 (August 1916), p. 138 Google Scholar (hereafter Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė) ; Institute of Party History, “Lietuvos komunistų partijos istorijos apybraiža” [A Sketch of the History of the Communist Party of Lithuania], Komunistas, 1967, no. 1, pp. 89-90 (hereafter Apybraiža in Komunistas).

17. Socialdemokratas, May 6, 1926, p. 2; Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 3, pp. 139-40; Mikas, “Lietuvos socijaldemokratų partija,” Kova, May 17, 1907, p. 277;. Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, p. 138.

18. Merkys, Narodnikai, pp. 130-31; Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 3, p. 140; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR isforija, 2: 174.

19. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1933, no. 3, p. 141; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 172.

20. Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 265-66; MLTE, 2: 633.

21. Biržiška, Mykolas, Lietuviụ tautos kelias [The Path of the Lithuanian Nation], 2 vols. (Los Angeles, 1952-53), 2: 55–57 Google Scholar; MLTE, 1: 414; Martov, Zapiski sotsialdemokrata, p. 211; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 266; Bielinis, Kipras, Penktieji metai [The Year 1905] (New York, 1959), p. 1959 Google Scholar.

22. Dziewanowski, M. K., The Communist Party of Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), p. 26 Google Scholar; Martov, Zapiski sotsialdemokrata, p. 212; K. Zalewski [Stanisław Trusiewicz], “Iž socializmo istorijos Lietuvoj” [From the History of Socialism in Lithuania], Socialdemokratas, no. 6-8 (May 1916), pp. 45-47.

23. Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 176-77, 179; MLTE, 1: 453.

24. MLTE, 2: 814-15.

25. Merkys, Narodnikai, p. 116; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, pp. 138-39; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 271; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 172. Cf. Sponti, E., “Kratkaia avtobiografiia,” Na zare rabochego dvizheniia v Moskve, ed. Mitskevich, S. I. (Moscow, 1932), p. 98.Google Scholar

26. Apybraiၾa in Komunistas, 1967, no. 1, p. 90; Komodaitė, J., “Komunistụ bendražygis” [A Fellow Combatant of Communists], Komunistas, 1965, no. 11, p. 62 Google Scholar; Socialdemokratas, May 13, 1926, p. 2.

27. Przyczynek do programu Litewskiej socijal-demokracji reviewed in Varpas [The Bell], 1897, no. 4, p. 55; Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 4, p. 200; Kapsukas, V., Trumpa Lietuvos Social-Demokratụ Partijos istorija [A Short History of the Social Danocratic Party of Lithuania], vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1918), p. 15 Google Scholar (hereafter Trumpa partijos istorija) ; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, pp. 139-40; Socialdemokratas, May 6, 1926, p. 2 and May 13, 1926, p. 2; Lietuvis, “Die lithauische Arbeiterbewegung,” p. 711; Apybraiža in Kotmunistas, 1967, no. 1, pp. 92-93. Cf. Akimov [Makhnovets], V., Ocherk razvitiia sotsialdemokratii v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1906), p. 17 Google Scholar; Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pp. 24, 28, 31; A. Lietuvis and N. N. [Alfonsas Moravskis and Jonas Vileišis], Augis darbinink໥ judėjimo Lietuvoje [Growth of the Labor Movement in Lithuania] (Plymouth, Pa., 1900), pp. 25-31, 56-57.

28. Zalewski, “Iš socializmo istorijos Lietuvoj,” p. 46; Martov, Zapiski sotsialdemokrata, p. 210; Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 5, p. 276.

29. Zalewski, “Iš socializmo istorijos Lietuvoj,” p. 47; Strobel, Georg W., Quellen zur Geschichte des Kommunismus in Polen, 1878-1918 (Cologne, 1968), p. 38 Google Scholar; Martov, L. et al., eds., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX-go veka, 4 vols, in 6 (St. Petersburg, 1914), 3: 286.Google Scholar

30. Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 12; M. Berūas [Zigmas Angarietis], Antrosios Lietuvos Socialdemokratụ Partijos darbai ir mokslas [Works and Science of the Second Social Democratic Party of Lithuania] (Kaunas, 1925), p. 10; Mitskevich-Kapsukas, V., “Istoki i zarozhdenie kommunisticheskoi partii Litvy,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1929, no. 1, p. 156 Google Scholar; Patirgas, Z, “Keli bruožai iš Lietuvos socialdemokratụ praeities” [Several Aspects from the History of Lithuania’s Social Democrats], žiburiai [Lights], May 18, 1946, p. 3 Google Scholar; Grinius, K., Atsiminimai ir mintys [Memories and Thoughts], vol. 1 (Tübingen, 1947), p. 172 Google Scholar; Strobel, , Quellen zur Geschichte des Kommunismus in Polen, pp. 38–39 Google Scholar; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 180-81; Michał Römer, Litwa (Lwów, 1908), pp. 272-73. Cf. Dzerzhinsky, F. E., Isbrannye proizvedeniia, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1957), p. 2 Google Scholar; Dziewanowski, Communist Party of Poland, p. 51.

31. Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 175; Socialdemokratas, May 20, 1926, p. 2.

32. See the LSDP program of 1896 in Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 389-94.

33. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 4, p. 199.

34. Ibid., and Moravskis in Kultūura, 1931, no. 5, p. 275; Merkys, V, “Lietuvių SDP pirmụjụ programụ kilmė” [Origin of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party’s First Programs], in Lietuvos TSR Mokslụ Akademijos Darbai [Works of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR], ser. A, no. 3 (1966), pp. 136, 145Google Scholar; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 9; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė p. 141.

35. Merkys, “Lietuvių SDP,” pp. 136-38. See also Mikas, “Lietuvos socijaldemokratu partija,” Kova, May 24, 1907, p. 295.

36. Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 177.

37. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 5, p. 275. Cf. Martov, Zapiski sotsialdemokrata, pp. 200-201.

38. V. Biržiška, “Lapelis iš Lietuvos S. D. partijos istorijos” [A Little Sheet from the History of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania], Darbas [Labor], 1950, no. 1, pp. 4-5; Merkys, “Lietuvių SDP,” p. 136; MLTE, 1: 21, 456, and 2: 371; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, .2: 176.

39. Kairys, Lietiva budo, p. 286; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 15. Cf. Apybraiža in Komunistas, 1967, no. 2, p. 84.

40. Moravskis in Kultūura, 1931, no. 6-7, p. 333; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 26, 38; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 16.

41. Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 48, 151; Bielinis, Penktieji metai, p. 156; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 322-23; P. Čepėnas and J. Girnius, eds., Lietuvių enciklopedija (Boston, 1962), 27: 505-6Google Scholar.

42. Lietuvių enciklopedija, 10: 253; MLTE, 2: 18; Bielinis, Penktieji metai, p. 118.

43. Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 118, 340; MLTE, 1: 672; Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 57-59.

44. Bielinis, Penktieji metai, p. 156; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 336.

45. Kapsukas, Vincas, Raštai [Works], vol. 1 (Vilnius, 1960), pp. 93–94 Google Scholar; Apybraiža in Komunistas, 1967, no. 3, p. 90; MLTE, 2: 395.

46. On the efforts of the Kapsukas group to find support among agricultural workers see Kairys, Steponas, Tau, Lietuva [To You, Lithuania] (Boston, 1964), pp. 54, 59, 62-63Google Scholar; Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 119.

47. Kapsukas, Raštai, 1: 262-63.

48. On the divergence between Kapsukas and the LSDP see ibid., 1: 263-67, 5: 402-6, 414-19; Kapsukas (Leipzig) to Šaulys (Bern), Apr. 13, 1904, University of Pennsylvania, Šaulys Archives, f. 58; Kapsukas (Tilsit) to Šaulys (Bern), Dec. 7, 1904, Šaulys Archives, f. 58; “Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas,” Darbo visuomenė [Labor Society], 1935, no. 2, pp. 46-47; Petrika, A., Lietwvių tautinio atbudimo pionieriai [Pioneers of Lithuanian National Awakening] (Brooklyn, 1939), pp. 194–95 Google Scholar; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 164. See also statement by the central committee of the LSDP quoted in Kova, Aug. 18, 1905, pp. 106-8.

49. Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 323-24.

50. Ibid., pp. 333-34, 342, 345.

51. Ibid., p. 329.

52. MLTE, 2: 396.

53. Lietuvių enciklopedija, 5: 329; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 329-30, 326-27.

54. Moravskis in Kultūura, 1931, no. 6-7, p. 333; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 324-25; Bielinis, Penktieji metai, pp. 19, 21; Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 118; Römer, Litwa, p. 280.

55. See resolutions of the 1903 party conference in Vienybė Lietuvniinkụ [Unity of Lithuanians], no. 20 (1903), p. 234; see also Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 287, 324; Merkys, Narodnikai, pp. 131, 144; Apybraiža in Komunistas, 1967, no. 1, pp. 95, 110; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 13; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 175; Lietuvis, “Die lithauische Arbeiterbewegung,” p. 710; Mikas, “Lietuvos socijaldemokratų partija,” Kova, May 24, 1907, pp. 295-96; Sponti, “Kratkaia avtobiografiia,” p. 97; Römer, Litwa, pp. 282-84.

56. See Beržaitis [Jonas Vileišis], “Lietuvių darbininkų judėjimas” [The Lithuanian Labor Movement], Varpas, 1904, no. 2, p. 24.

57. Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 18; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 283, 324-25; Vienybė Lietuvninkų, no. 20 (1903), p. 234; Kova, Nov. 3, 1905, p. 194; Beržas, Antrosios Lietuvos Socialdemokratụ Partijos, p. 13; Z Angarietis, “Lietuvos Komunistụ Partijos įsikūrimas” [The Formation of the Communist Party of Lithuania], Komunistas, 1928, no. 5, p. 3; Ruseckas, P., Į laisvę [Toward Freedom] (Kaunas, 1919), p. 26 Google Scholar; Mitskevich-Kapsukas, “Istoki i zarozhdenie kommunisticheskoi partii Litvy,” p. 156; Kairys, Tau, Lietuva, p. 53; Bielinis, Penktieji metai, pp. 21 and 28; Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 118-19; Mickevičius-Kapsukas, V., Pirmoji Lietuvos proletarinė revoliucija ir sovietụ valdžia [Lithuania’s First Proletarian Revolution and the Soviet Government] (Chicago, 1934), p. 66 Google Scholar; Römer, Litwa, p. 284.

58. Alseika, D., Lietuvių tautinė ideja istorijos šviesoje [The Lithuanian National Idea in the Light of History] (Vilnius, 1924), p. 112 Google Scholar; Kapsukas, Trumpa partiios istorija, 1: 19; Hellmann, Manfred, “Die litauische Nationalbewegung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert,” Zeitschrift für Ostforschung, 2 (1953): 91 Google Scholar; Bielinis, Penktieji metai, p. 28; Bielinis, Kipras, 1905 metai [The Year 1905] (Kaunas, 1931), p. 24 Google Scholar; Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 119. Cf. Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 325.

59. Grinius, Atsiminimai ir mintys, 1: 142-43, 209; Beržaitis, “Lietuvių darbininkų judėjimas,” p. 25; Kapsukas, Raštai, 1: 264; Patirgas, “Keli bruožai iš Lietuvos socialdemokratụ praeities,” žiburiai, May 11, 1946, p. 3; V Perazich, “Iz vospominanii (1896-1897 g.),” Krasnaia letopis', 1922, no. 2-3, p. 115; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 14; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 234; Biržiška, Lietuvių tautos kelias, 2: 55-56.

60. Kapsukas (Tilsit) to šaulys (Bern), Nov. 3, 1905, Šaulys Archives, f. 58; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 234, 244, 338, 340; Vienybė Lietuvninkų, 1904, p. 595; Römer, Litwa, p. 285.

61. Iskra, Nov. 20, 1904, p. 8; Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1924, no. 8-9, p. 203; Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 266, 268-70; Kairys, Tau, Lietuva, p. 62.

62. Jurginis et al., Lietuvos TSR istorija, 2: 271; Kairys, Tau, Lietuva, p. 321; MLTE, 2: 322.

63. Kapsukas, Raštai, 1: 117; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 7; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 279. Cf. resolutions of the 1903 party conference in Vienybė Lietuvninkų, no. 20 (1903), p. 234; Grinius, Atsiminimai ir mintys, 1: 139-40

64. Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, pp. 140-41; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 9; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 278-79. See also resolutions of the 1903 party conference in Vienybė Lietuvninkž, no. 20 (1903), p. 234.

65. See resolutions of the 1903 party conference, ibid.; see also Lietuvis and N. N., Augis darbininkụ judėjimo Lietuvoje, pp. 48-49; Darbininkụ balsas, 1903, no. 1, pp. 7-9.

66. Perazich, “Iz vospominanii,” p. 108; Mitskevich-Kapsukas, “Istoki i zarozhdenie kommunisticheskoi partii Litvy,” p. 154; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 279-80; Merkys, “Lietuviž SDP,” pp. 145, 149; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, p. 141; Martov et al., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii, 3: 285-86. Cf. resolutions of the 1905 party congress reproduced in Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 411.

67. Merkys, “Lietuviž SDP,” p. 134; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 274-75.

68. See the program of 1896 reproduced in Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 391.

69. Socialdemokratas, May 27, 1926, p. 2; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 394.

70. Apybraiža in Komunistas, 1967, no. 1, p. 102.

71. Angarietis, “Lietuvos Komunistụ Partijos įsikūrimas,” p. 2; Beržas, Antrosios Lietuvos Socialdemokratụ Partijos, p. 10; Merkys, “Lietuviụ SDP,” p. 149; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, p. 141; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 9-10.

72. Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 24; Darbininkụ balsas, 1903, no. 6, p. 200.

73. Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, p. 141; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 10; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 277-78; Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 4, p. 199; Moravskis quoted in Alseika, Lietuvių tautinė ideja istorijos šviesoje, p. 112; MLTE, 2: 395; Apybraiža in Komunistas, 1967, no. 2, p. 101; Beržas, Antrosios Lietuvos Socialdemokratụ Partijos, pp. 9-10, 13; Darbininkụ balsas, 1902, no. 5, p. 5.

74. Kapsukas, Raštai, 7: 571; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 22; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, p. 143; Moravskis in Kultūura, 1931, no. 4, p. 199; Kairys, Lietuva budo, pp. 277-78. Cf. LSDP appeal of April 1904, included in Kipras Bielinis, Dienojant [At Daybreak] (New York, 1958), pp. 447–48 Google Scholar; LSDP Manifesto of September 1905, included in Kairys, Tau, Lietuva, pp. 333-38; LSDP appeals of 1905, entitled “What the Lithuanian Social Democrats Want” and “To War for the Vilnius Diet,” reproduced in Bielinis, Penktieji metai, pp. 524-29; LSDP appeal of November 1905, reproduced in Kapsukas, Raštai, 2: 206-8.

75. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 4, p. 199; Moravskis quoted in Alseika, Lietuviụ tautinė ideja istorijos šviesoje, p. 111; Lietuvis (Moravskis) quoted in Hellmann, “Die litauische Nationalbewegung,” p. 90; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, pp. 140-41.

76. Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 279.

77. Socialdemokratas, May 27, 1926, p. 2: Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 278; Kairys, Tau, Lietuva, p. 61. For a contrary view see Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 5, p. 276. Cf. Martov et al., Obshchestvcnnoe dvizhenie v Rossii, 1: 356-57; Grinius, Atsiminimai ir mintys,1: 221.

78. Moravskis in Kultūra, 1931, no. 5, p. 279, and 1933, no. 3, p. 138; Moravskis quoted in Alseika, Lietuvių tautinė ideja istorijos šviesoje, p. 112; Kairys, Lietuva budo, p. 278; Kapsukas in Naujoji gadynė, pp. 139-41; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 6; Mitskevich-Kapsukas, “Istoki i zarozhdenie kommunisticheskoi partii Litvy,” pp. 154-55; Haustein, Sozialismus und nationale Frage in Polen, pp. 255-56.

79. Socialdemokratas, May 20, 1926, p. 3; Kapsukas, Trumpa partijos istorija, 1: 10- 12; Apybraiža in Komunistas, 1967, no. 1, pp. 101-2. On other reasons for the estrangement of the Trusiewicz group see Moravskis in Kultūura, 1931, no. 6-7, p. 326; Socialdemokratas, May 20, 1926, p. 3.