1. The boundary between Siberia and European Russia had been by then firmly set in the administrative sense following the establishment of the Siberian General Governorship (1802) and its division into eastern and western parts (1822). Still, the Urals made the symbolic boundary a zone rather than a line.

2. The latter two oblasts were detached from the Maritime Region in 1909 and transformed into gubernias in 1922.

3. For the discussion of imperial nationalism centered on the idea of a unified Russian state, see Ilya Gerasimov, Jan Kusber, and Alexander Semyonov, eds., Empire Speaks out: Languages of Rationalization and Self-Description in the Russian Empire (Leiden, 2009).

4. Appealing to the decentralization discourses of the Decembrists and the first generation of Russian socialist intellectuals, Siberian Regionalism (Oblastnichestvo) can be dated back to the 1850s and 1860s when Siberian students, including Grigorii Nikolaevich Potanin and Nikolai Mikhailovich Iadrintsev, formed a regional circle in Saint Petersburg for discussing the future of Siberia. In 1865 many of them were arrested, tried for “separatism,” and sentenced to imprisonment or exile. Politically, Siberian Regionalists were close to the socialist Populists (Narodniki) in the 1870s and 1880s, with many finding liberalism more appealing since the 1890s. For an overview of regionalist discourses in the Russian Empire in general and Siberia in particular, see Von Hagen, Mark, “Federalisms and Pan-Movements: Re-Imagining Empire,” in Burbank, Jane, von Hagen, Mark, and Remnev, Anatolyi, eds., Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 (Bloomington, 2007), 494–510Google Scholar; Miller, Aleksei, The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century (Budapest, 2003)Google Scholar; Dameshek, I. L. and Remnev, A. V., Sibir΄ v sostave Rossiiskoi imperii (Moscow, 2007)Google Scholar. For the discussions of Far Eastern proto-regionalism, see Bassin, Mark, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865 (Cambridge, 2006)Google Scholar; Stephan, John J., The Russian Far East: A History (Stanford, 1994), 93–98Google Scholar.

5. Azarenkov, A. A., “Demokraticheskii kompromiss”: Ideia “bufera” na Dal΄nem Vostoke v planakh i taktike politicheskikh sil—uchastnikov grazhdanskoi voiny v Rossii, ianvar΄ 1920—ianvar΄ 1921 gg. (Komsomolsk-na-Amure, 2001)Google Scholar; Azarenkov, A. A., Politicheskaia model΄ Dal΄nevostochnoi respubliki: Mekhanizm funktsionirovaniia institutov vlasti “bufernogo” gosudarstva, 1920–1922 gg. (Komsomolsk-na-Amure, 2001)Google Scholar; Ornatskaia, T. A. and Tsipkin, Iu. N., “Kontsessionnaia politika Dal΄nevostochnoi respubliki, 1920–1922 gg.,” Rossiia i ATR, no. 1 (2007): 5–20Google Scholar.

6. Gerasimov, Ilya et al. , “In Search of a New Imperial History,” Ab Imperio, no. 1 (2005): 33–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Suny, Ronald Grigor and Martin, Terry, “Introduction,” in Suny, Ronald Grigor and Martin, Terry, eds., A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (Oxford, 2001), 3–20Google Scholar.

7. Duara, Prasenjit, “The Imperialism of ‘Free Nations’: Japan, Manchukuo and the History of the Present,” in Stoler, Ann Laura, McGranahan, Carole, and Perdue, Peter C., eds., Imperial Formations (Santa Fe, 2007), 211–39Google Scholar.

8. Gerasimov, Ilya, “The Great Imperial Revolution,” Ab Imperio, no. 2 (2017): 21–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9. Narskii, I. V., Zhizn΄ v katastrofe: Budni naseleniia Urala v 1917–1922 gg. (Moscow, 2001)Google Scholar; Novikova, Liudmila, Provintsial΄naia “Kontrrevoliutsiia”: Beloe Dvizhenie i grazhdanskaia voina na russkom Severe, 1917–1920 (Moscow, 2011)Google Scholar; Penter, Tanja, Odessa 1917: Revolution an der Peripherie (Cologne, 2000)Google Scholar; Pereira, N. G. O., White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War (Montreal, 1996)Google Scholar; Suny, Ronald Grigor, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, 1993)Google Scholar; Von Hagen, “Federalisms and Pan-Movements: Re-Imagining Empire.”

10. Sunderland, Willard, “The USSR as a Multinational State from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin: Western Scholarship since 1991,” Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University: History, no. 4 (2016): 142–58Google Scholar.

11. Pravila perevozki tovarov na parokhodakh obshchestva dobrovol΄nogo flota, a ravno tovarov priamogo cherez Odessu soobshcheniia mezhdu Moskvoi i portami Dal΄nego Vostoka: S 1-go ianv. 1885 g. (Saint Petersburg, 1885); Shperk, F. F., Rossiia Dal΄nego Vostoka, Zapiski Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 14 (Saint Petersburg, 1885)Google Scholar.

12. Remnev, A. V., Rossiia Dal΄nego Vostoka: Imperskaia geografiia vlasti XIX—nachala XX vekov (Omsk, 2004)Google Scholar, 142, 281, 290–91; Stephan, The Russian Far East: A History, 27, 41–49.

13. Marks, Steven G., Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917 (Ithaca, 1991)Google Scholar.

14. Stephan, The Russian Far East: A History, 57–61.

15. Milezhik, A. V., “Dal΄nevostochnoe namestnichestvo kak popytka reformy regional΄nogo upravleniia, 1903–1905 Gg.,” Vestnik Dal΄nevostochnogo otdeleniia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, no. 3 (2007): 110–15Google Scholar.

16. Institut demografii Natsional΄nogo issledovatel΄skogo universiteta Vysshaia shkola ekonomiki, “Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis΄ naseleniia Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 g.,” accessed December 1, 2015, http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php?cy=0; Sablin, Ivan, “National Autonomies in the Far Eastern Republic: Post-Imperial Diversity Management in Pacific Russia, 1920–1922,” History and Anthropology 28, no. 4 (2017): 450CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17. Millard, Thomas F., The New Far East: An Examination into the New Position of Japan and Her Influence upon the Solution of the Far Eastern Question, with Special Reference to the Interests of America and the Future of the Chinese Empire (New York, 1906), 1–2Google Scholar.

18. Arsen΄ev, K. K. and Petrushevskii, F. F., eds., “Vladivostok,” in Entsiklopedicheskii slovar΄ Brokgauza i Efrona (Saint Petersburg, 1892), 11:625–26Google Scholar.

19. Arsen΄ev, K. K. and Sheviakov, V. T., eds., “Dal΄nii Vostok,” in Entsiklopedicheskii slovar΄ Brokgauza i Efrona (Saint Petersburg, 1905), 1a:653–54Google Scholar.

20. Hsu, Chia Yin, “A Tale of Two Railroads: ‘Yellow Labor,’ Agrarian Colonization, and the Making of Russianness at the Far Eastern Frontier, 1890s–1910s,” Ab Imperio, no. 3 (2006): 217–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lewis, Robert E., The Educational Conquest of the Far East (New York, 1903)Google Scholar.

21. Kudrzhinskii, M. A., “Vladivostok v 1905 g.: Iz nabliudenii ochevidtsa, Part 3,” Minuvshie gody, no. 7 (1908): 33Google Scholar.

22. Tsiunchuk, Rustem, “Peoples, Regions, and Electoral Politics: The State Dumas and the Constitution of New National Elites,” in Burbank, Jane, von Hagen, Mark, and Remnev, Anatolyi, eds., Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 (Bloomington, 2007), 366–97Google Scholar.

23. Ivan Sablin, “Towards the First Far Eastern Republic: Regionalism, Socialism, and Nationalism in Pacific Russia, 1905–1918,” Higher School of Economics Research Paper WP BRP 142/HUM/2017, 2017.

24. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Dal΄nego Vostoka (hereafter RGIA DV) (Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East), f. R-2422, op. 1, d. 573, l. 6–7 (S. Kh. Bulygin, The First Soviets in the Far East, 1917–1918).

25. Dal΄nii Vostok, October 6, 1917: 2; Ankusheva, K. A. et al. , Istoriia obshchestvennogo samoupravlenia v Sibiri vtoroi poloviny XIX—nachala XX veka (Novosibirsk, 2006)Google Scholar; Iakushev, I. A., “Fevral΄skaia revoliutsiia i sibirskie oblastnye s΄ezdy: K istorii oblastnogo dvizheniia v Sibiri,” in Volnaia Sibir΄, vol. 2 (Prague, 1927)Google Scholar, 23; Pervyi Sibirskii oblastnoi s΄ezd 8–17 oktiabria 1917 goda v g. Tomske: Postanovleniia s΄ezda (Tomsk, 1917)Google Scholar; Rynkov, V. M., “Organy mestnogo samoupravleniya v antibolshevistskom lagere na vostoke Rossii (seredina 1918–konets 1922 g.),” in Politicheskiye sistemy i rezhimy na vostoke Rossii v period revolyutsii i grazhdanskoy voiny: Sbornik nauchnykh statei, ed. Shishkin, V. I. (Novosibirsk, 2012), 125–58Google Scholar.

26. Priamurskie vedomosti, April 6, 1917: 2; Priamurskie izvestiia, April 22, 1917: 5; April 25, 1917: 2; April 27, 1917: 7; May 16, 1917: 5; June 1, 1917: 4; July 13, 1917: 4; July 16, 1917: 4; July 18, 1917: 4.

27. Priamurskie izvestiia, August 6, 1917: 4; August 27, 1917: 3–4; August 29, 1917: 3–4.

28. In late 1905, a similar congress seemed open to the suggestions about an Ussuri autonomy voiced by socialist intellectuals, yet the project was never discussed further due to the suppression of the revolution in early 1906.

29. Priamurskie izvestiia, August 8, 1917: 4.

30. Izvestiia Vladivostokskogo soveta rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov, November 1, 1917: 1, 3; November 9, 1917: 1; Priamurskie izvestiia, October 28, 1917: 6; October 29, 1917: 2; October 31, 1917: 2–4; November 2, 1917: 3; November 5, 1917: 2; RGIA DV, f. R-2422, op. 1, d. 573, l. 13–17 (S. Kh. Bulygin, The First Soviets in the Far East, 1917–1918); Tsypkin, S., Shurygin, A., and Bulygin, S., eds., Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina na Dal΄nem Vostoke: Khronika sobytii, 1917–1922 gg. (Moscow, 1933), 19–25Google Scholar.

31. Nam, I. V., “Natsionalnyi vopros v programmnykh ustanovkakh sibirskikh oblastnikov, zakonotvorcheskoi i politicheskoy praktike Sibirskoi oblastnoi dumy, 1917—ianvar΄ 1918 gg.,” Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta: Istoriia, kraevedenie, etnologiia, arkheologiia, no. 281 (2004): 47–57Google Scholar; Shilovskii, M. V., “Polneishaia samootverzhennaia predannost΄ nauke”: G. N. Potanin, biograficheskii ocherk (Novosibirsk, 2004)Google Scholar.

32. Priamurskie izvestiia, December 12, 1917: 3; V. G. Popov, “Pervyi s΄ezd zemskikh i gorodskikh samoupravlenii Dal΄nego Vostoka,” Sibirskaia zaimka, last accessed January 17, 2017, at http://zaimka.ru/power/popov1.shtml.

33. Izvestiia Vladivostokskogo soveta rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov, December 20, 1917: 2–3; December 21, 1917: 2; December 30, 1917: 1; RGIA DV, f. R-2422, op. 1, d. 573, l. 22–23 (S. Kh. Bulygin, The First Soviets in the Far East, 1917–1918); Tsypkin, Shurygin, and Bulygin, Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina, 29–32.

34. Pereira, White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War, 51–55.

35. RGIA DV, f. R-2422, op. 1, d. 573, l. 28–33; Ankusheva et al., Istoriia obshchestvennogo samoupravlenia v Sibiri vtoroi poloviny XIX—nachala XX veka.

36. The role of Far Eastern Cossacks in the Russian Civil War was different from that of the other Cossack hosts. Although some of them joined the Far Eastern “atamans” Grigorii Mikhailovich Semenov and Ivan Pavlovich Kalmykov, many supported Bolsheviks. This owed much to the proximity of Far Eastern Cossacks to regional peasants in social terms, see Bisher, Jamie, White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian (London, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rynkov, “Organy mestnogo samoupravleniya v antibolshevistskom lagere na vostoke Rossii (seredina 1918–konets 1922 G.),” 132; Semenov, A. V., Dal΄sovnarkom, 1917–1918 gg.: sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Khabarovsk, 1969)Google Scholar, 56, 78–81, 86, 88, 90–91, 127; Tsypkin, Shurygin, and Bulygin, Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina, 48–51.

37. RGIA DV, f. R-919, op. 1, d. 6, l. 10–12 (A. M. Krasnoshchekov, The October Revolution, the Civil War, and the struggle against foreign intervention in the Far East, 1917–1922, dictated to A. N. Gelasimova in 1932); Semenov, Dal΄sovnarkom, 112–13, 115, 118–28, 153; Tsypkin, Shurygin, and Bulygin, Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina, 51–63.

38. Stalin, I. V., “Marksizm i natsionalnyi vopros (1913),” in Sochineniia, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1946), 290–367Google Scholar; Tretii Vserossiiskii s΄ezd Sovietov rabochikh, soldatskikh i krest΄ianskikh deputatov (Peterburg, 1918), 90–94Google Scholar; Vishniak, Mark, “Bol΄shevizm i Demokratiia,” in Bol΄sheviki u vlasti: Sotsial΄no-politicheskie itogi oktiabr΄skogo perevorota (Petrograd, 1918), 85–106Google Scholar.

39. Semenov, Dal΄sovnarkom, 131, 137–52, 171–75.

40. RGIA DV, f. R-919, op. 1, d. 6, l. 6, 12, 16–17 (A. M. Krasnoshchekov, The October Revolution, the Civil War, and the struggle against foreign intervention in the Far East, 1917–1922, dictated to A. N. Gelasimova in 1932).

41. Semenov, Dal΄sovnarkom, 178–79, 181–82, 185; Tsypkin, Shurygin, and Bulygin, Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina, 64.

42. Hopkirk, Peter, Setting the East Abalze: Lenin's Dream of Empire in Asia (London, 1984)Google Scholar; Stephan, The Russian Far East: A History, 114–15, 117–18; Tsypkin, Shurygin, and Bulygin, Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina, 55–62.

43. Anosov, S. D., Koreitsy v Ussuriiskom krae (Khabarovsk, 1928), 19–21Google Scholar; Vada, Haruki and Shirinia, Kirill Kirillovich, VKP(b), Komintern i Koreia, 1918–1941 gg. (Moscow, 2007), 5Google Scholar.

44. Mukhachev, B. I., Aleksandr Krasnoshchekov: Istoriko-biograficheskii ocherk (Vladivostok, 1999), 79Google Scholar.

45. RGIA DV, f. R-786, op. 1, d. 5, l. 8 (To the Commission of the Far Eastern Regional Committee for the Liquidation of the Maritime Zemstvo from the Olga Uezd Zemstvo Administration, June 5, 1918); Trigub, G. Ia., “Mestnoe samoupravlenie na Dal΄nem Vostoke Rossii v period grazhdanskoi voiny i interventsii,” Oikumena, no. 3 (2007): 64–67Google Scholar; Tsypkin, Shurygin, and Bulygin, Oktiabr΄skaia revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina, 68, 70, 73, 77–78, 80, 87.

46. Shilovskii, M. V., Politicheskie protsessy v Sibiri v period sotsialnykh kataklizmov 1917–1920 gg. (Novosibirsk, 2003)Google Scholar.

47. Iakushev participated in organizing an anti-Kolchak uprising in Vladivostok in the fall of 1919, but it failed.

48. I. V. Bersneva, “Irkutskoe vosstanie kontsa 1919–nachala 1920 gg.,” Rossyskie sotsialisty i anarkhisty posle oktiabria 1917 goda, at http://socialist.memo.ru/firstpub/y04/bersneva.htm (last accessed April 24, 2016).

49. Sablin, Ivan, Governing Post-Imperial Siberia and Mongolia, 1911–1924: Buddhism, Socialism and Nationalism in State and Autonomy Building (Milton Park, 2016), 106, 115–46Google Scholar.

50. Boldyrev, V. G., Direktoriia, Kolchak, interventy: Vospominaniia iz tsikla “Shest΄ let” 1917–1922 gg. (Novonikolayevsk, 1925), 170–71Google Scholar, 188, 536.

51. GARF, f. R-341, op. 1, d. 86, l. 29–32 rev. (Report of the joint meeting of the Peace Delegation of the Political Center with Revvoensovet of the Fifths Army and Sibrevkom, January 19, 1920).

52. GARF, f. R-341, op. 1, d. 92, l. 2 (The Act of Transferring Authority from the Political Center to the Revolutionary Military Committee, January 22, 1920).

53. GARF, f. R-341, op. 1, d. 86, l. 1–6 (Minutes of the meeting of the Peace Delegation of the Political Center with the representatives of Sibrevkom and Revvoensovet of the Fifths Army, Krasnoyarsk, January 24, 1920). It is unclear if there were any national units to be included into the Far Eastern federation. Most likely, it was to be a federation of Far Eastern regions.

54. Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, (hereafter RGASPI) f. 372, op. 1, d. 5a, l. 1, paper inlay (Dal΄buro of the RCP on establishing connection to its Vladivostok part).

55. Azarenkov, “Demokraticheskii kompromiss”: Ideia “bufera,” 34–41.

56. Its official became the Provisional Government of the Maritime Regional Zemstvo Assembly.

57. Hara, Teruyuki, Shiberia shuppei: Kakumei to kanshō 1917–1921 (Tokyo, 1989), 529–36Google Scholar.

58. The Japanese defeat in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur was followed by a massacre of almost all Japanese military and civilians and many Russians in the town that became known as the Nikolayevsk Incident. The massacre of prisoners took place in May 1920. In early June 1920, the guerillas burnt down the town, see A. N. Fufygin, “Iakov Triapitsyn i Ivan Andreev—zhertva i palach?,” Vestnik Sakhalinskogo muzeia, no. 8 (2001): 161–81.

59. A military report submitted to Tokyo claimed that the Russian troops in Vladivostok attacked first, see JACAR (Japan Center for Asian Historical Records), C06031160200, pp. 0124–0127 (Secret reports on collision between Japanese and Russian Armies in Vladivostok and Razdolnoye, War Ministry, April 8, 1920). There is no evidence that any such attack was planned by the Bolsheviks, but it could have been one of the numerous clashes that were frequent across the Russian Far East at the time. JACAR, C07060927200, p. 1535 (Report on sending the instructions and regulations concerning the control of the Koreans from Ōi Shigemoto to Tanaka Giichi, March 25, 1920); Dunscomb, Paul E., Japan's Siberian Intervention, 1918–1922: “A Great Disobedience against the People” (Lanham, MD., 2011), 119Google Scholar; Nikiforov, P. M., Zapiski prem΄era DVR: Pobeda leninskoi politiki v bor΄be s interventsiei na Dal΄nem Vostoke, 1917‒1922 gg., ed. Antonov, V. G. (Moscow, 1963), 189, 192–94Google Scholar. The authors thank Akifumi Shioya for his kind assistance with the Japanese documents.

60. RGIA DV, f. R-4699, op. 1, d. 69, l. 3–4 rev. (Minutes of the meeting of the Government of the FER, April 19, 1920).

61. Fuks, M. V., “Rol΄ regional΄nykh vlastnykh struktur vo vneshnei politike Sovetskoi Rossii na Dal΄nem Vostoke v pervoi polovine 20-ykh godov,” Russkii istoricheskii zhurnal, no. 2 (1) (1998)Google Scholar, at http://zaimka.ru/soviet/fuchs1_p2.shtml (last accessed March 30, 2018).

62. Azarenkov, “Demokraticheskii kompromiss”: Ideia “bufera,” 41–42, 45.

63. GANO (State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region), f. P-1, op. 2, d. 42, l. 19 (Report by the Inspector-Organizer of Military Control under the Military Council of the PRA Chertov to the member of Revvoensovet N. K. Goncharov, March 31, 1920).

64. Mukhachev, B. I., ed., Dal΄nevostochnaia respublika: Stanovlenie, bor΄ba s interventsiei, fevral΄ 1920—noiabr΄ 1922 gg: Dokumenty i materialy, vol. 1, fevral΄–noiabr΄ 1920 gg. (Vladivostok, 1993), 117–18Google Scholar.

65. RGIA DV, f. R-534, op. 2, d. 203, l. 33–33 rev. (Resolution of the Provisional Government of the Far East of the Maritime Regional Zemstvo Assembly, May 5, 1920).

66. M. P. Malysheva and V. S. Poznanskii, eds., Dal΄nevostochnaia politika Sovetskoi Rossii, 1920–1922 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov Sibirskogo biuro TsK RKP(b) i Sibirskogo revoliutsionnogo komiteta (Novosibirsk, 1996), 64; Mukhachev, Dal΄nevostochnaia respublika, 165.

67. Kniazev, S. D. and Shishkina, O. E., “Izbiratel΄naya sistema Dal΄nevostochnoi respubliki, 1920–1922: Opyt i znachenie dlia stanovlenia izbiratel΄noi sistemy Rossii,” Pravovedenie, no. 4 (2006): 101Google Scholar.

68. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 102, l. 4–4 rev. (Brief Points on the Far Eastern Republic adopted by Politbiuro, August 13, 1920).

69. A large share of the remaining White troops relocated to the Maritime Oblast through the CER Zone.

70. Trigub, G. Ia., “Deiatelnost΄ Primorskoi oblatsnoi zemskoi upravy v kachestve vremennogo pravitel΄stva (ianvar΄—dekabr΄ 1920 g.),” Oikumena, no. 1 (2006): 44–54Google Scholar.

71. Elleman, Bruce A., Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917–1927 (Armonk, NY, 1997), 66–67Google Scholar.

72. Kuo, Heng-yu, VKP(b), Komintern i natsional΄no-revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Kitae: dokumenty, vol. 1: 1920–1925 (Moscow, 1994), 53–55Google Scholar; Vada and Shirinia, VKP(b), Komintern i Koreia, 1918–1941 (Moscow, 2007), 6–11, 76–93, 96–103.

73. Osnovnoi zakon, Konstitutsiia Dal΄nevostochnoi respubliki: Utverzhden uchreditel΄nym sobraniem Dal΄nego Vostoka 27 aprelia 1921 gg. (Chita, 1921)Google Scholar.

74. The protests probably reflected the hopes of some moderate socialist that the FER would be independent or at least fully autonomous from Soviet Russia, Mukhachev, B. I., ed., Istoriia Dal΄nego Vostoka Rossii ot epokhi pervobytnogo obshchestva do kontsa XX veka, tom 3, kniga 1: Dal΄nii Vostok Rossii v period revoliutsii 1917 goda i grazhdanskoi voiny (Vladivostok, 2003), 394–95Google Scholar.

75. Semenov himself was ousted by other anti-Bolsheviks. Mukhachev, Istoriia Dal΄nego Vostoka, tom 3, kniga 1, 503–7.

76. Malysheva and Poznanskii, Dal΄nevostochnaia politika Sovetskoi Rossii, 204–5, 208–12.

77. Krasnoshchekov probably still hoped to sign a treaty with Beijing. RGASPI, f. 372, op. 1, d. 54, l. 77–79 (Minutes No. 65 of Dal΄biuro, the Administration, and the members of the Revvoensovet of the Fifths Army, June 1, 1921).

78. Daines, V. O., Kariaeva, T.F., Stegantsev, M.V., eds., Shli divizii vpered, 1920–1921: Narodno-revoliutsionnaia armiia v osvobozhdenii Zabaikal΄ia: Sbornik dokumentov (Irkutsk, 1987), 265–66Google Scholar, 293; Malysheva and Poznanskii, Dal΄nevostochnaia politika Sovetskoi Rossii, 260.

79. The proclamation of Tuvan independence was fostered by the Bolshevik Innokentii Georgievich Saf΄ianov, much to the distress of Shumiatskii, who viewed Tannu-Tuva's inclusion into Mongolia as a means of ensuring good relations with Mongolian nationalists. Malysheva and Poznanskii, Dal΄nevostochnaia politika Sovetskoi Rossii, 304; Sablin, Governing Post-Imperial Siberia and Mongolia, 1911–1924: Buddhism, Socialism and Nationalism in State and Autonomy Building, 169–70.

80. Fuks, “Rol΄ regional΄nykh vlastnykh struktur.”

81. For more on the Priamur State Formation, see Sablin, Ivan, “Nationalist Mobilization in the Russian Far East during the Closing Phase of the Civil War,” Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University: History 62, no. 1 (2017): 18–25Google Scholar; Tsipkin, Iu. N., Grazhdanskaia voina na Dal΄nem Vostoke Rossii: Formirovanie antibol΄shevistskikh rezhimov i ikh krushenie: 1917–1922 gg., (Khabarovsk, 2012)Google Scholar.

82. Azarenkov, A. A., “Metody likvidatsii Dal΄nevostochnoi respubliki v 1922 godu,” Voprosy Istorii, no. 8 (2006): 94–104Google Scholar.

83. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 112, d. 366, l. 63–64 (Minutes No. 51 of Orgbiuro of TseKa RCP(b), September 4, 1922).

84. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 163, d. 296, l. 41–42 (Minutes No. 27 of Politbiuro of TseKa RCP(b), September 21, 1922).

85. RGASPI, f. 372, op. 1, d. 138, l. 33 (From Stalin to Sapronov, October 1922); l. 36–38 rev. (Meeting of the members of Dal΄biuro, October 28, 1922); l. 39 (From Sapronov to Stalin, October 30, 1922).

86. Riabov, N. I., ed., Dal΄revkom: Pervyi etap mirnogo sovetskogo stroitel΄stva na Dal΄nem Vostoke, 1922–1926 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov (Khabarovsk, 1957), 90–92Google Scholar.

87. Dubinina, N. I., “O proektakh sotsial΄no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia Sovetskogo Dal΄nego Vostoka v 1920–30-e gody,” Stranitsy istorii, no. 4 (2011): 113–18Google Scholar.

88. RGIA DV, f. R-2422, op. 1, 467, l. 3 (From Gamarnik to Boguslavskii, May 19, 1925); l. 8 (From Gamarnik to Rykov, May 27, 1925).

89. Riabov, Dal΄revkom: Pervyi etap, 232–62.

90. RGIA DV, f. R-2422, op. 1, d. 1487, l. 110–111 (Minutes of the meeting of the Subcomission on the Soviet Organization of the Korean Commission under Dal΄revkom, April 3, 1925); Vada and Shirinia, VKP(b), Komintern i Koreia, 1918–1941 gg., 307, 312.

91. RGIA DV, R-f. 2422, op. 1, d. 1487, l. 112–120 (Minutes of the meeting of Korean party activists with the participation of representatives from county executive committees and village councils, Vladivostok, June 2, 1925); Chernolutskaia, E. N., Prinuditel΄nye migratsii na sovetskom Dal΄nem Vostoke v 1920–1950-e gg. (Vladivostok, 2011)Google Scholar, 219; Vada and Shirinia, VKP(b), Komintern i Koreia, 1918–1941 gg., 350–51.

92. Chernolutskaia, Prinuditel΄nye migratsii na sovetskom Dal΄nem Vostoke v 1920–1950-e gg.; Sablin, Ivan, “Rearrangement of Indigenous Spaces: Sovietization of the Chauchus and Ankalyns, 1931–1945,” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 16, no. 4 (2014): 531–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.