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27 ibid.

28 (2 vols.; Moscow, 1954), I, 225-36. , I (Sofia, 1954), 303-5. (Moscow, 1949).

29 Once a title of an officer in charge of an orta (a company or “center“) of Janissaries (Yeniçeri), the term eventually came to mean “well-to-do person.“

30 Finlay, op. cit., V, 155.

31 Officially referred to as the Rum milleti—“the Roman community.“

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42 Bernard Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp. 1-17. In the thirteenth century, according to Claude Cahen, the term “Turk” was used exclusively in reference to the “barbarous” Turkoman frontier population. Grunebaum, op. cit., pp. 329-30.

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63 Jovan Cvijić, Balkansko poluostrvo, 1, 154-55.

64 Finlay, op. cit., V, 55.

65 ibid., p. 58; III, 522; IV, 266.

66 Ibid., V, 104-5.

67 ibid., pp. 125-26.

68 ibid., pp. 125.

69 Lewis, “Turkey: Westernization,” in Grunebaum, op. cit., p. 317.

70 Finlay, op. cit., V, 149-50.

71 Evlija Čelebija, Putopis (2 vols.; Sarajevo, 1954). Translation by Hazim Šabanović from Turkish original entitled “Evliya Celebi Siyahatnamesi Istanbul 1314/1896—1318/1900.“

72 Traian Stoianovich, “Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant,” Journal of Economic History, June, 1960, pp. 234-313.

73 Finlay, op. cit., V, 122.

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