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The First World War and the Polarization of the Russian Right, July 1914–February 1917

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2017

Mikhail Loukianov
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On the eve of the World War I, members of the Russian right deeply differed in their visions of the status quo and the means of its proper reconstruction. The war further differentiated the Right. The rightists, regardless of the ideological nuances, perceived the war as a chance for political revival. The outburst of patriotism in July and August 1914 became the most serious argument in favor of political reform. Their opponents, on the contrary, saw in it a chance to get rid of democratic institutions and practices. While the more moderate rightists leaned towards consensus, with liberals looking at political dialogue as the most effective instrument for securing social stability, the extreme ones concluded that strict control from above was a more adequate instrument for achieving this goal. All this aggravated the pre-war conflicts within the Right and led to its disintegration on the eve of the Revolution of 1917.

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Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 75 , Issue 4 , Winter 2016 , pp. 872 - 895
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Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 2016

References

I am indebted to the Deutsches Historisches Institut (Moscow) and the Central European University (Budapest) for fi nancial and organizational support and personally to Professor Alfred J. Rieber for his friendly advice and consultations. Also, I want to express my gratitude to research seminars at Central European University Department of History and the Center for Comparative Studies in History and Political Science at Perm State National Research University for the possibility to discuss the ideas developed in this article. I also want to thank Professor Igor′ K. Kiryanov, Professor Mark D. Steinberg, and anonymous readers for their comments, and Pavel Mikhailovich Egovtsev and Mikhail Suslov for helping with the translation of this article into English.

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107. Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenografi cheskie otchety, sozyv chetvertyi, sessia IV (Petrograd, 1916), stb.1499, 1500, 1502–03, 1504–05.

108. Purishkevich, V.M., Chego khochet Vil′gel′m II ot Rossii i Anglii v velikoi bitve narodov (Petrograd, 1916), 79–80, 88, 111.Google Scholar

109. Ibid., 136–37.

110. I.I. Dudnichenko to A.I. Dubrovin, February 21, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1053, l. 505.

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113. According to M.A. Bibin, the letter did not receive support from the majority (23) of provincial noble organizations, which took part in the United Nobility. See M.A. Bibin, “Sovet Ob′edinennogo dvorianstva i progressivnyi blok v 1915–1916 gg.,” Vestnik Mos kovskogo universitets, seriia Istoriia, 1980, no. 1, 40–42.

114. “Zadachi prem′era,” Kolokol, January 26, 1916, 1.

115. Vitiaz′ [P.N. Ianov], “Pravitel′stvo i progressivnyi blok,” Kolokol, February 7, 1916, 1–2.

116. “Dve deklaratsii,” Kolokol, February 11, 1916, 1.

117. V. Petrovich, “Gosudarstvennyi konservatizm,” Kolokol, February 19, 1916, 1.

118. “Edinenie mestnykh pravitel′stvennykh i obshchestvennykh vlastei,” Kolokol, May 7, 1916, 1.

119. K. Rudin, “Deputatskie polnomochiia,” Kolokol, August 18, 1916, 1.

120. R. Novyi, “Otradnyi fakt,” Kolokol, August 13, 1916, 2.

121. “Germanoslavianofi ly,” Kolokol, September 6, 1916, 1.

122. V.R., “Dumy i vpechatleniia (Ob Otechestvennom patrioticheskom soiuze),” Kolokol, September 30, 1916, 1. On the Home patriotic union see Kir′ianov, Pravye partii v Rossii, 219–26; 281–88.

123. I.I. Vostorgov to N.Ch. Zaionchkovskii, October 4, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1056, l. 692.

124. I.I. Vostorgov to V.D. Gnilov, October 26, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1058, l. 846.

125. S.L. Obleukhova to V.M. Purishkevich, October 12, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1057, l. 754.

126. See for details Ivanov, Vladimir Purishkevich, 239–53.

127. According to A.B. Nikolaev, on the eve of the February Revolution this group joined the Progressive bloc. See A.B. Nikolaev, “Protokol zasedanii: soveshchaniia Gosudarstvennoi dumy s predstaviteliami frakstii, chastnogo soveshchaniia chlenov Gosudarstvennoi dumy i Vremennogo komiteta Gosudarstvennoi dumy 27 fevral′a–3 marta 1917 goda,” in Tavricheskie chteniia 2011. Aklual′nye problem istorii parlamentarizma (St. Petersburg, 2012), 235.

128. Ob′edinennoe dvorianstvo: S′ezdy upolnomochennykh gubernskikh dvoriannskikh obshchestv, vol. 3, 713.

129. M.A. Bibin, Dvorianstvo nakanune padeniia tsarizma v Rossii, 234.

130. “Pereotsenka politicheskikh sobytii,” Kolokol, November 15, 1916, 1.

131. “Rol′ doigryvaetsia,” Kolokol, December 15, 1916, 1.

132. “Tragediia progressa,” Kolokol, January 20, 1917, 1.

133. “Ot doveriia k pravde,” Kolokol, February 1, 1917, 1.

134. N.A. Zverev to S.D. Sheremetev, November 6, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1059, l. 939.

135. K.N. Paskhalov to N.A. Maklakov, November 21, 1916. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1062, l. 1204.

136. See A.I. Dubrovin, “Vlast′ i ‘oni,’ “ Russkoe znamia, November 23, 1916, 2. Personal correspondence gives evidences that this idea was rather popular among the extreme rightists. See, for example, N.N. Rodzevich to E.A. Orlova, November 8, 1916 г. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1059, l. 980.

137. “Rech′ N.A. Maklakova 26 noiabria 1916 g. v zasedanii Gosudarstvennogo Soveta,” in A.P. Nenarokov and V.V. Zhuravlev, eds., Pervaia mirovaia voina v otsenke sovremennikov: vlast′ i rossiiskoe obshchestvo, 1914–1918, v chetyrekh tomakh. Tom 2. Konservatory: velikie razocharovaniia i velikie uroki (Moscow, 2014), 487–88. Emphasis in the original.

138. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Put′ i vekhi,” Russkoe znamia, December 11, 1916, 1.

139. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Tri mysli,” Russkoe znamia, January 20, 1917, 1–2.

140. Liutsilii [D.I. Bulatovich], “Khristianskaia gosudarstvennost,” Russkoe znamia, January 26, 1917, 1.

141. I.L. Tsytovich, Vyshee gosudarstvennoe popechitel′stvo (Kiev, 1917), 11–12.

142. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to G.G. Zamyslovskii, January 18, 1917. GARF, f, 102, op. 265, d. 1069, l. 119.

143. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to N.A. Maklakov, January 31, 1917. GARF, f, 102, op. 265, d. 1070, l. 10ob.

144. Ibid., l. 11.

145. See for details Stogov, D.I., Pravomonarkhicheskie salony Peterburga—Petrograda (konets XIX—nachalo XX veka) (St. Petersburg, 2007), 205–30Google Scholar.

146. “Zapiska, sostavlennaia v kruzhke A.A. Rimskogo-Korsakova i peredannaia Nikolaiu II kn. Golitsynym,” in Pravye partii, vol. 2, 591–92, 593, 595.

147. N.N. Tikhanovich-Savitskii to G.G. Zamyslovskii, February 15, 1917. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1070, l. 61.

148. Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for June 18, 1915. RGIA, f. 1006, op. 1, d. 4b, l. 360. One and one-half years later he maintained: “I am completely uninvolved with politics, as never does anything good come from it.” (Diary of B.V. Nikol′skii, entry for January 13, 1917. RGIA, f. 588, op. 1, d. 1133b, l. 65ob.

149. I.I. Vostorgov to E.F. Vostorgova, September 7, 1915. GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 1030, l. 1397.