Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T12:42:43.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bureaucratic- or Self-Government: The Early Nineteenth Century Russian City

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Boris Mironov
Boris Mironov*
Affiliation:
Institute of Russian History (St. Petersburg branch), Russian Academy of Sciences
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

While the topic of local government in Russia before the reforms of the 1860s was popular in prerevolutionary historiography, it did not attract much attention from Soviet historians; historians in the west have shown greater interest in the problem. The necessity of using a narrow, class approach forced Soviet historians to interpret the problems of local government in a simplistic and one-sided fashion. The a priori assumption that an independent local government was impossible, especially under absolutism, and the importunate desire to interpret each reform, each action of the crown as a realization of class goals by an exploiting gentry have, in my opinion hampered investigation of the correlation between crown rule and estate self-government in the local government system.

Type
Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 52 , Issue 2 , Summer 1993 , pp. 233 - 255
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

I wish to thank the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for the research fellowship that made possible the preparation of this paper.

1. Andreevskii, I. E., O namestnikakh, voevodakh i gubernatorakh (St. Petersburg: E. Prats, 1864)Google Scholar; Anuchin, E., Istoricheskii obzor razvitiia administrativno-politseiskikh uchrezhdenii v Rossii s uchrezhdeniia o guberniiakh 1775 g. do poslednego vremeni (St. Petersburg: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del, 1872Google Scholar); Blinov, I., Gubernatory: Istoriko-iuridicheskii ocherk (St. Petersburg: K.L. Pentkovskii, 1905), 146–250 Google Scholar; Gradovskii, A. D., Nachala russkogo gosudarstvennogo prava (St. Petersburg: M.M. Stasiulevich, 1883), 3: part 1Google Scholar; Grigor'ev, V., Reforma mestnogo upravleniia pri Ekaterine II (Uchrezhdenie o guberniiakh 7 noiabria 1775 g.) (St. Petersburg: Russkaia skoropechatnia, 1910)Google Scholar; Kizevetter, A. A., Mestnoe samoupravlenie v Rossii IX-XIX St.: Istoricheskii ocherk (Petrograd: Zadruga, 1917)Google Scholar; Korkunov, N. M., Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo (St. Petersburg: M.M. Stasiulevich, 1893), 2: 226–64Google Scholar; Korf, S. A., Administrativnaia iustitsiia v Rossii (St. Petersburg: Trenke i Fiusno, 1910), 1: 257–352 Google Scholar; Latkin, V. N., Uchebnik istorii russkogo prava perioda imperii (XVIII i XIX st.) (St. Petersburg: Montvid, 1909), 366–456 Google Scholar; Lokhvitskii, A., Guberniia, ee zemskie i pravitel'stvennye uchrezhdeniia (St. Petersburg: Bochkarev, 1864), part 1Google Scholar.

2. Jones, Robert E., The Russian Gentry and the Provincial Reform of 1775 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968)Google Scholar; LeDonne, John P., Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism, 1762-1796 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Frederick Starr, S., Decentralization and Self-Government in Russia, 1830-1870 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972)Google Scholar; Torke, Hans, Das russische Beamtentum in der ersten Hdlfte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Forschungen zur osteuropaischen Geschichte, XIII) (Berlin and Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1967)Google Scholar; Yaney, George L., The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution in the Domestic Administration of Imperial Russia, 1711-1905 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973)Google Scholar.

3. In Soviet historiography the topic has been the focus of articles by V. Dzincharadze and A.I. Parusov, a brochure by N.P. Eroshkin and short sections in textbooks of the history of the state and its legal systems. See V. Dzhincharadze, “Kratkii ocherk po istorii mestnykh uchrezhdenii v pervoi polovine XIX v.,” Arkhivnoe delo, no. 1 (1940): 38-51; A.I. Parusov, “K istorii mestnogo upravleniia v Rossii pervoi chetverti XIX stoletiia,” Uchenye zapiski Gor'kovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 72, no. 1 (1964): 155-226; Eroshkin, N. P., Mestnyegosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii (Moscow: Izd-vo MGU, 1985)Google Scholar; idem, Istoriia gosudarstvennykh uchrezhdenii dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii (Moscow: Vysshaia shkola, 1983); Kalinina, G.S., ed., Istoriia gosudarstva i prava SSSR (Moscow: Iuridicheskaia literatura, 1972): 352–86Google Scholar.

4. Ryndziunskii, P. G., Gorodskoe grazhdanstvo doreformennoi Rossii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1958), 9 Google Scholar.

5. V.A. Sleptsov, “Pis'ma ob Ostashkove: Obrazets gorodskogo ustroistva v Rossii,” in Sleptsov, V. A., Proza (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1986)Google Scholar.

6. Janet Hartley, “Town Government in Saint Petersburg Guberniya after the Charter to the Towns of 1785,” Slavonic and East European Review 62, no. 1 (1984): 61-84.

7. Brower, Daniel R., The Russian City Between Tradition and Modernity, 1850-1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 22 Google Scholar.

8. Statisticheskie tablitsy Rossiiskoi imperii (St. Petersburg: K. Vul'f, 1863), 2:58, 90.

9. Kabuzan, V. M., Izmeneniia v razmeshchenii naseleniia Rossii v XVIII—pervoi polovine XIX v. (Moscow: Nauka, 1971), 118, 177Google Scholar.

10. Indova, E.I., ed., Rossiiskoe zakonodatel'stvo X-XX vekov (Moscow: Iuridicheskaia literatura, 1987), 5: 78 Google Scholar.

11. Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, 1842 edition (St. Petersburg: Vtoroe otdelenie sobstvennoi Ego Velichestva kantseliarii, 1842), 9: article 524.

12. Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv (RGIA), f. 1287 (the Department of Works [khoziaistvennyi departament] of the Ministry of the Interior), op. 37, d. 737, 1. 6.

13. Ibid., 1. 293; op. 39, d. 56,1. 145; Ditiatin, I. I., Ustroistvo i upravleniegorodov Rossii (Iaroslavl': Fal'k, 1877), 2:246–47Google Scholar.

14. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 737, 1. 6.

15. Mullov, P. A., Istoricheskoe obozrenie pravitel'stvennykh mer po ustroistvu gorodskogo upravleniia (St. Petersburg: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del, 1864), 138–39Google Scholar.

16. Ditiatin, I. I., Stat'i po istorii russkogo prava (St. Petersburg: O.N. Popova), 40 Google Scholar.

17. Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, 1842 edition, 3: article 366; 9: articles 515, 516, 526, 529.

18. Gradovskii, op. cit., 3: part 1, 111-13.

19. Owen, Thomas C., Capitalism and Politics in Russia: A Social History of the Moscow Merchants, 1855-1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 16–18 Google Scholar.

20. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 738, 1. 10.

21. Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, 1842 edition, 3: articles 355, 356, 358; Stoletie Sanktpeterburgshogo gorodskogo obshchestva (St. Petersburg, 1885), 97.

22. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 738, 1. 12.

23. RGIA, op. 37, d.373, 1.285; op. 39, d. 56, 1. 145.

24. RGIA, op. 39, d. 56, 1. 286-89. The same was observed in Moscow and in provincial cities and towns. See Materialy dlia istorii moskovskogo hupechestva (Moscow: I.I. Kushnerov, 1887), 4: supplement 1, 1-109; Lur'ev, V.P., Sostoianie goroda Viatki v tsarstvovanie imperatritsy Ekateriny II: Ocherk ix istorii gorodskogo obshchestvennogo upravleniia (Viatka: Gubernskaia tipografiia, 1885), 142-43, 170–71Google Scholar; A. Pul'kherov, Velikolutskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie 1785-1891 gg.: Istoricheskoe obozrenie (Pskov: Pskovskii gubernskii statisticheskii komitet, 1892), 5; V.V. Rabtsevich, “Sotsial'nyi sostav organov gorodskogo samoupravleniia Zapadnoi Sibiri v 80-kh gg. XVIII—pervoi chetverti XIX v.,” in Istoriia gorodov Sibiri dosovetskogo perioda (XVIII—nachalo XX v.) (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1984), 137-40.

25. Otchet po upravleniiu Sankt-Peterburgskogo kupecheskogo sosloviia s 1847 po 1856 god (St. Petersburg: D. Kesnevil', 1858), 15-18; Otchet po upravleniiu Sankt-Petersburgskogo meshchanskogo sosloviia s 1847po 1856god (St. Petersburg: D. Kesnevil', 1858), 4-20; Viatkin, M.P., ed., Ocherki istorii Leningrada (Moscow-Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1955), 1:516, 520Google Scholar.

26. N.L. Iurchenko, “Revizskie skazki kak istochnik po sotsial'no-demograficheskoi istorii (Opyt obrabotki na elektronno-vychislitel'noi mashine revizskikh skazok moskovskogo kupechestva XVIII—pervoi poloviny XIX vv.,” (candidate dissertation, Leningrad: Institut istorii SSSR, 1989), 117; Istoriia Moskvy (Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1953), 3:305.

27. Mironov, B. N., Russkii gorod v 1740-1860-e gody: demograficheskoe, sotsial'noe i ekonomicheskoe razvitie (Leningrad: Nauka, 1990), 151–70Google Scholar.

28. Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov, 2: 366Google Scholar.

29. Gradovskii, , Nachala russkogo gosudarstvennogo prava, 3: part 1, 143Google Scholar. See also Parusov, “K istorii mestnogo upravleniia,” 190-91; Rabtsevich, , Sibirskii gorod, 171 Google Scholar; Istoriia Moskvy, 3: 322.

30. Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, 1857 edition (St. Petersburg, 1857), 3: book 2, part 2, 61-101.

31. “Instruktsiia chinovnikam, otriazhaemyrn dlia obozreniia gorodov,” 12 May 1845, in Sbornik tsirkuliarov i instruktsii Ministerstva vnutrennikh del s uchrezhdeniia ministerstva po 1 oktiabria 1853 goda (St. Petersburg: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del, 1856), 5:178-79 (my emphasis).

32. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, Sobranie 1-e (St. Petersburg: Vtoroe otdelenie sobstvennoi Ego Velichestva kantseliarii, 1830), 20: no. 14392 from 7 November 1775, articles 53-57; Sobranie 2-e (St. Petersburg, 1836), 7: no. 8594 from 20 November 1835.

33. Ministerstvo finansov, 1862-1902 (St. Petersburg: Ekspeditsiia zagotovleniia gosudarstvennykh bumag, 1902), part 1,14.

34. RGIA, f. 1398 (Vsepoddaneishie doklady i raporty Senata), op. 1, ch. 1, d. 1505, 11. 1-7.

35. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 737, 11. 86, 88.

36. Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, 1857 edition, 3: book 2, section 2, article 349.

37. S. Voznesenskii, “Gorodskie deputatskie nakazy v Ekaterininskuiu komissiiu 1767 g.,” Zhurnal Ministerstvo, narodnogo prosveshcheniia, 1909, no. 11: 89-119; no. 12: 241-84; Grigor'ev, Reforma mestnogo upravleniia, 145-60; Latkin, V. N., Zakonodatel'nye komissii v Rossii XVIII stoletiia (St. Petersburg: L.F. Papiteliev, 1887), 503–10Google Scholar.

38. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 737, 1. 85.

39. Ibid., I. 141.

40. Ibid., 1. 87.

41. Ibid.,\l. 65-67.

42. Sbornik tsirkuliarov i instruktsii Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, 5: 179.

43. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37,d. 737, 11. 302, 312-13, 329, 334.

44. Pul'kherov, Velikolutskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie, 7, 21, 42-46.

45. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, Sobranie 2-e (St. Petersburg, 1853), 24: no. 26429, 1852.

46. Svod zakonov Rossiishoi imperii, 1842 edition, vol. 5.

47. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 738, 11. 12, 238 (my emphasis).

48. Ibid., 1. 13 (my emphasis).

49. This point of view was shared by: Ditiatin, Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Ro.ssii, 2: 115-16; Kizevetter, A. A., Gorodovoe polozhenie Ekateriny II 1785 goda (Moscow: Moskovskii universitet, 1909), 321–23Google Scholar.

50. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d.738, 11. 12-13.

51. Ibid., 1. 10.

52. Ibid., A. 1155,11. 4, 43, 57.

53. Ibid., op. 39, d. 72, 1. 12.

54. Ibid., A. 78, 1. 93.

55. Ibid., A. 985, 11. 175-79.

56. Ibid., A. 1489, 1. 2.

57. Ibid., A. 1163,1. 2.

58. Ibid., A. 182, 11. 68-69.

59. Ibid., A. 203, 11. 1-55; op. 37, d. 2210, 11. 4-28, 35-47.

60. Ibid., op. 39, d.155, 11. 9, 21-27, 33-36.

61. Ibid., A. 428,11. 11-22.

62. Ibid., A. 127, 11. 3-15.

63. Ibid., A. 116, 11. 4-27.

64. Ibid., A. 206, 11. 1-11.

65. Ibid., A. 59, 11. 22-31.

66. Ibid., A. 74, 11. 1-7, 30-37.

67. Ibid., op. 37, d. 1029, 1. 2.

68. Gradovskii, , Nachala russkogo gosudarstvennogo prava, 3: part 1, 144-45Google Scholar.

69. Ditiatin, , Stat'i po istorii russkogo prava, 41–42 Google Scholar.

70. Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 2: 271Google Scholar.

71. German, K., Statisticheskoe issledovanie otnositel'no Rossiiskoi imperii (St. Petersburg: Akademiia nauk, 1819), part 1, 230–68Google Scholar; Statisticheskie tablitsy Rossiiskoi imperii, vypusk 1 (St. Petersburg: Vtoroe otdelenie Sobstvennoi ego velichestva kantseliarii, 1858), 222-39.

72. Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 2: 246-47Google Scholar.

73. Kizevetter, Gorodovoepolozhenie Ekateriny II, 443-73.

74. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 737, 1. 271.

75. Ibid., d. 738, 1. 227.

76. Ibid., 1. 238.

77. Zaionchkovskii, P. A., Pravitel'stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v. (Moscow: Mysl', 1978), 150 Google Scholar.

78. Ditiatin, , Stat'i po istorii russkogo prava, 40–41 Google Scholar.

79. Rabtsevich, , Sibirskii gorod, 137–50Google Scholar.

80. Ditiatin, , Stat'i po istorii russkogo prava, 41 Google Scholar; Kizevetter, A. A., Gil'diia moskovskogo kupechestva (Moscow, 1915), 216 Google Scholar.

81. Mullov, , Istoricheskoe obozrenie pravitel'stvennykh mer, 161–62Google Scholar.

82. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 738, 11. 2-13.

83. Ibid., 1. 203.

84. Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 2: 369-73Google Scholar.

85. The objections of the Moscow merchants took 50 pages, and those of the St. Petersburg merchants took 60 pages.

86. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 737, 1. 135 ob.

87. Ibid., 1. 143.

88. Ibid., 1. 144.

89. Ibid., 1. 149.

90. Ibid., 1. 149-69.

91. Ibid., 1. 148.

92. For a different interpretation of the position of the merchants see Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 2: 378-83Google Scholar.

93. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 737, 11. 47-48, 49-62, 135-39.

94. Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 2: 383-84Google Scholar.

95. RGIA, f. 1287, op. 37, d. 738, 11. 25-35.

96. Ibid., 11. 36-43.

97. Ibid., 11. 87-96.

98. Ibid., I. 109.

99. Ibid., 1. 106 (my emphasis).

100. For more details on this see Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 1: 502-51Google Scholar.

101. Ryndziunskii, , Gorodskoe grazhdanstvo, 407–8Google Scholar.

102. Vtorov, N. I., Munistipal'nye uchrezhdeniia v glavneishikh gosudarstvakh Zapadnoi Evropy (Sravnitel'noe obozrenie munitsipal'nykh uchrezhdenii Frantsii, Bel'gii, Italii, Avstrii i Prussii s prisovokupleniem ocherka mestnogo samoupravleniia v Anglii) (St. Petersburg: K. Vul'f, 1864)Google Scholar; Ditiatin, , Ustroistvo i upravlenie gorodov Rossii, 2: 1-114Google Scholar.

103. Braudel, Fernand, Civilisation materielle, economie et capitalism: XVe-XVIIIe siecles (Paris: A. Colin, 1979)Google Scholar, translated as Material'naia tsivilizatsiia, ekonomika i kapitalizm, XV-XVIIIw. (Moscow: Progress, 1986), 1: 552.

104. W. Bruce Lincoln, “N.A. Miliutin and the St. Petersburg Municipal Act of 1846: A Study in Reform under Nicholas I,” Slavic Review 33, no. 1 (1974): 55-68.

105. Brower, , The Russian City between Tradition and Modernity, 3 Google Scholar.