I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who provided important feedback and enormously helpful suggestions on this article. I am also grateful to Professor Harriet Murav and Dr. Faith Wilson Stein for their thoughts and help throughout the publishing process. Finally, I extend my deep appreciation to Professor Larry Wolff for his encouragement of my work and to everyone at the New York University Center for European and Mediterranean Studies for their support and many kindnesses. The Sarajevo portion of my research was funded by a fellowship from the Council of American Overseas Research Centers. The epigraphs are from Ivica Percl, “Postovani profesore,” YouTube video, 4:23, from a Jugoton video broadcast by the Croatian Music Channel, posted by “fgojko,” January 24, 2010, at youtu.be/a9NPCKjTJgA (last accessed December 10, 2015); and “Tito Govori: Govor Predsednika Republike i Saveza komunista preko Televizije Beograd 9. VI. 1968. god.,” in “Marx i revolucija. Jun-lipanj 1968: Dokumenti,” special issue, Praxis, nos. 1-2 (1969): 340. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are mine.

1. Percl, “Po§tovani profesore.“

2. Coincidentally, student protests broke out at the same time in Ljubljana over a separate matter. Although Ljubljana's students did engage with the June events, this article will not consider those demonstrations, since their focus was on other issues.

3. Popov, Nebojsa, Drustveni sukobi—izazov sociologiji: “Beogradski jun” 1968 (Belgrade, 2008), 109 Google Scholar; Ralph Pervan, Tito and the Students: The University and the University Student in Self-Managing Yugoslavia (Nedlands, 1978), 159.

4. Klasic, Hrvoje, Jugoslavia i svijet 1968 (Zagreb, 2012), 82, 268-71.Google Scholar

5. Golubovic, Zagorka, Covek i njegovsvet u antropoloski perspektivi (Belgrade, 1973), 583-84.Google Scholar

6. Tismaneanu, Vladimir, introduction to Tismaneanu, Vladimir, ed., Promises of 1968: Crisis, Illusion, and Utopia (Budapest, 2011), 6.Google Scholar

7. Klasic, , Jugoslavia i svijet, 268 Google Scholar; Kanzleiter, Boris, “Yugoslavia,” in Klimke, Martin and Scharloth, Joachim, eds., 1968 in Europe: A History of Protest and Activism, 1956-1977 (New York, 2008), 219 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Radina Vucetic, Koka-kola socijalizam: Amerikanizacija jugoslovenske popularne kulture sezdesetih godina XX veka, 2nd ed. (Belgrade, 2012), 401; and Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans (New York, 1997), 16,18.

8. See, for example, Eric Hobsbawm's discussion of the “astonishing internationalism” of the era's student movements. Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 (New York, 1994), 326.Google Scholar

9. “Nekad i sad,” Dzuboks, no. 11 (March 1967): 20-21, quoted in Vucetic, Koka-kola socijalizam, 220.

10. Janjatovic, Petar, Ex-YU rock enciklopedija: 1960-2006, 2nd ed. (Belgrade, 2007), 136.Google Scholar

11. Underwood, Paul, “Yugoslav Youths Ask ‘Future’ Now: Their Impatience for Good Things of Life Worries Communist Leaders,” New York Times, August 19, 1959, 7.Google Scholar

12. “Rioters Protest Lumumba Death; U.S. Is Assailed by Students—Demonstrators Shout in London and Rome,” New York Times, February 15,1961,16.

13. Self-management was a Yugoslav innovation in socialist economic and political theory. It was supposed to enhance workers’ participation in the running of their enterprises and to devolve political power from the federal center to the country's lower administrative units. Ana Devic, “The Forging of Socialist Nationalism and Its Alternatives: Social and Political Context and Intellectual Criticism in Yugoslavia between the Mid-1960s and 1992” (PhD diss., University of California, San Diego, 2000), 30.

14. Ibid., 43, 54.

15. Ibid., 51.

16. Open Society Archives at Central European University, Budapest, Hungary (HU OSA), 300-10-2/325, Philosophy 1965-1969 ( Vranicki, Predrag, “State and Party in Socialism,” no translator given, Praxis, nos. 5-6 [1967]: 643 Google Scholar).

17. Lampe, John R., Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Eng., 2000), 266.Google Scholar

18. Miller, Nick, The Nonconformists: Culture, Politics, and Nationalism in a Serbian Intellectual Circle, 1944-1991 (Budapest, 2007), 106-7.Google Scholar

19. “Za brze osposobljavanje strucnjaka,” Student 17 (1965): 2.

20. See, for example, Sljivic, F., “Sta cemo sa ‘ilegalcima'?,” Nasi dani, no. 291 (1968): 4 Google Scholar; “Dokumenti prilog ‘STUDENTSKOG LISTA’ od ll.IV 1967,” Studentski list 12 (1967); Dz. S., , “Studenti uce na plus 5°C!,” Student 4 (1967): 9 Google Scholar; Kurspahic, Kemal, “Tihi zivot u vlaznom domu,” Student 5 (1967): 4 Google Scholar; Hodzic, Alija and Mihalovic, Srecko, “Ocuvati poverenje,” Student 3 (1967): 5 Google Scholar; and Apostolov, T., “Guzva u univerzitetskoj biblioteci,” Student 19 (1968): 12.Google Scholar

21. Ninkovic, Doko, “Jedini nacin,” Nasi dani, no. 245 (1966): 2.Google Scholar

22. Pervan, , Tito and the Students, 111-12, 130.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., 134.

24. “Protiv nesocijalistickih tendencija u Savezu studenata,” Studentski list 3 (1968): 1, 3.

25. Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovina (ABH), Centralni komitet Savez studenata (CKSS), 1968 Demonst. Stud (DS) (“Zapisnik tematske skupstine Saveza studenata Bosne i Hercegovine,” May 1968).

26. “Znaci politicke krize,” Student 19 (1968): 1.

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28. ‘“Grk Zorba'-u horu,” Student 29 (1967): 1; Bikfa, Ivan, “Miting protesta i osude,” Studentski list 11 (1968): 2.Google Scholar

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30. D., Cvetanovic and Milijic, D., “Sit-in protiv rata,” Susret 80 (1968).Google Scholar

31. Strbo, A., “Hiljadu studenata na protestom mitingu,” Oslobodenje, April 17, 1968.Google Scholar

32. Similarly, although the student press was officially an organ of the Communist League, many of the publications still became a forum through which young people voiced their critiques and complaints.

33. “Od zanosa do neodgovornosti: Dan protesta protiv americke agresije u Vijetnamu,” Studentski list 1-2 (1967): 7.

34. “Obavestenje univerzitetskog odbora,” 4; “Izvestaj komisije univerzitetskog komiteta Saveza komunista Srbije,” March 6,1967, in “Dokumenti,” 28.

35. Kanzleiter, Boris, “1968 u Jugoslaviji—Tema koja ceka istrazivanje,” in Tomic, Dorde and Atanackovic, Petar, eds., Drustvo u pokretu: Novi drustveni pokreti u Jugoslaviji od 1968. do danas (Novi Sad, 2009), 39.Google Scholar

36. “Izvestaj komisije univerzitetskog komiteta Saveza komunista Srbije,” in “Dokumenti,” 30.

37. “Otvoreno pismo Univerzitetskom odboru Saveza studenata BU,” Student 15 (1968): 4; “Saopstenje Univerzitetskog odbora Saveza studenata BU povodom nekih studentskih akcija vezanih za dogadaj u Poljskoj,” Student 15 (1968), in “Dokumenti,” 38.

38. studenata, Redakcija, “Otvoreno pismo gradskoj skupstini Beograda,” Student 14 (1968): 2.Google Scholar

39. Molinar, Zoran, “Uspjeh Sarajevske bit muzike,” Nasi dani, no. 285 (1968): 14.Google Scholar

40. Janjatovic, Ex-YU rock enciklopedija, 249; David Ingram, “'Go to the Forest and Move': 1960s American Rock Music as Electronic Pastoral,” 49th Parallel 20 (Winter 2006- 07): 5.

41. Levi, Pavle, Disintegration in Frames: Aesthetics and Ideology in the Yugoslav and Post-Yugoslav Cinema (Stanford, 2007), 15-17.Google Scholar

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43. Suzana Marjanic, “Antonio G. Lauer or ‘I am a lonely rhinoceros. HATARI!': A Collage of Actions, Action-Objects and Performances,” essay in notes to Performance Tapes, dir. Antonio G. Lauer, a.k.a. Tomislav Gotovac (Zagreb: Hrvatski filmski Savez, 2008), DVD.

44. Ibid.

45. Predrag Ristic, interview, Belgrade, July 7, 2010.

46. Arhiva studentskog kulturnog centra, “Izvestaj 1973,” (“Savske tablice,” by Predrag Ristic, 1971).

47. Arhiv Srbije, Izvrsni komitet centralnog komiteta SKS—Sednice: 57-74/VIII/20, Sezdesetosma sednica (“Zapisnik sa 68. sednice Izvrsnog komiteta CK SK Srbije,” June 3, 1968).

48. “Treci juni: Pocetak otvorenog sukoba,” in “Dokumenti,” 55-57.

49. HU OSA, 205-4-80/42, Social Issues: Education, 1968-1969 (“22:00 hrs.,” in Vesti, transcript, Radio Beograd, June 3,1968).

50. “Studenti zaposeli Kapetan-Misino zdanje,” Borba, June 4,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 69-71.

51. Plenum Univerzitetskog odbora Saveza studenata Beogradskog univerziteta, “Integralni tekstovi pisama koje je uputio UO SSJ,” June 4,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 108.

52. centar, Akademski filmski, Studentski protest ‘68 (Belgrade: Programski arhiv TV Beograd), DVD.Google Scholar

53. Todor Kuljic, interview, Belgrade, June 25,2010.

54. Danilo Udovicki, interview, New York, May 19,2012.

55. Media centar Sarajevo, Demonstracije u Sarajevu (Sarajevo, 1968), VHS.

56. Zdravko Grebo, interview, Sarajevo, November 15,2013.

57. ABH, CKSS, 1968 DS (“Zajednicke sjednice predsjednistva i izvrSnog komiteta CK SKBiH,” June 13,1968).

58. Goluza, M., “Zagrebacki dnevnik,” VUS, June 12, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 186-88.Google Scholar

59. Hrvatski drzavni arhiv (HDA), Policijska uprava Zagreb (PUZ), Studentska dogadanja (SD)/2, Informacije leci prijave u vezi studentskih dogadaja (IL) (Inspector Zdravko Parag, “Informacija,” June 6,1968).

60. HU OSA, 300-10-2/424, Students, 1968 (“While Tito Placates Students,” June 10, 1968).

61. “Predlog Univerzitetskog odbora Saveza studenata i univerzitetskog komiteta Saveza komunista za normalizaciju rada na univerzitetu,” Bilten, June 9,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 343.

62. Golubovic, Zagorka, “U cemu je neprolazni znacaj studentskog pokreta 1968,” in Malavrazic, Dorde, ed., Sezdeset osma—licne istorije: Objavljeno povodom 40 godina od velikih studentskih demonstracija u Beogradu (Belgrade, 2008), 65.Google Scholar

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64. HU OSA 300-10-2/463, University, 1965-1968 (M. P., “Meeting of LC Committee of Belgrade University,” no translator given, Politika, April 20,1968).

65. For a discussion of student obsession with the idea of “authenticity” in the 1960s, see Hale, Grace Elizabeth, A Nation of Outsiders: How the White Middle Class Fell in Love with Rebellion in Postwar America (Oxford, 2011).Google Scholar

66. “Odluke i zahtevi akcionog odbora i zbora studenata u studentskom gradu odrzanog 3. VI. 1968. god.,” Student, vanredni broj (1968): 2.

67. “Miting kod kolarca,” Politika-expres, June 4,1968, cited as Student, vanredni broj (1968), in “Dokumenti,” 71; B. 0., “Prva reagovanja i prva podrska,” Student, vanredni broj (1968): 2.

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70. Untitled statement from the Law Faculty of Belgrade University, June 4,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 87-89; HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (Mirko Petricec, “Izvjestaj,” June 6,1968).

71. “Pravnici zasedaju,” Student, vanredni broj (1968): 1.

72. Untitled proclamation from the Philosophy Faculty of Belgrade University, June 4, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 83.

73. HU OSA, 300-10-2/463, University, 1965-1968 (“Bitan je naucni pristup svim na§im akcijama,” Politika, June 16,1968).

74. Untitled statement from the Philosophy Faculty of Belgrade University, June 5, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 156.

75. Rossinow, Doug, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America (New York, 1998), 4.Google Scholar

76. Untitled statement from the Philosophy Faculty, June 5, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 156.

77. Klasic, , Jugoslavia i svijet, 269.Google Scholar

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79. Studenti i nastavnici filozofskog fakulteta, “Proglas sa mitinga solidarnosti u Sarajevu,” Nasi dani, vanredni broj (1968): 5.

80. HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (“Proglas revolucionarnih studenata socijalistickog sveuciilista,” June 6,1968).

81. Milosevic, N., “Nasilje, socialna pravda i sloboda,” Vidici, vanredni broj (1968), in “Dokumenti,” 152-54.Google Scholar

82. Goluza, , “Zagrebacki dnevnik,” 187.Google Scholar

83. “Saopstenje predsednistva predstavnistva konferencije Saveza studenata Jugoslavije povodom dogadaja na beogradskom univerzitetu,” June 4, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 114.

84. “Beleske o studentskim akcijama,” in Momcilo Mitrovic and Dobrica Vulovic, eds., Beogradski univerzitet i 68.: Zbornik dokumenata o studentskim demonstracijama (Belgrade, 1989), 311; Informativna sluzba CK SK Srbije, “Informacija o reagovanju u op§tini Cuprija u vezi sa studentskim demonstracijama,” June 4 and 5,1968, in ibid., 254; and “Odnos Gradskog komiteta prema dogadajima na univerzitetu,” in ibid., 154.

85. ABH, CKSS, 1968 DS (“Biljeske,” from the 61st session of the CKSKJ sa SOBiH, June 11,1968).

86. HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (Zdravko Parag, “Informacija,” June 7,1968).

87. “Stranac pred akademijom,” Vecernje novosti (Belgrade), June 6,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 143; see also Klasic, , Jugoslavia i svijet, 162-63.Google Scholar

88. “Pismo francuskog kulturnog centra,” Vecernje novosti (Belgrade), June 7,1968, in ibid., 144-45.

89. “Informacija o reagovanjima u opstini Sopot na dogadaje na Beogradskom univerzitetu,” June 6,1968, in Mitrovic and Vulovic, eds., Beogradski univerzitet i 68., 192.

90. Milosevic, B. and Staubringer, Z., “Informacija,” June 5,1968, in ibid., 277.Google Scholar

91. Marko Veselica, “Kronika politicke bitke,” VUS, June 19, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 201.

92. HU OSA, 300-10-2/424, Students, 1968 (“Belgrade City Conference of LC,” no translator given, Borba, June 26,1968).

93. “Tito Govor,” 340.

94. ABH, CKSS, 1968 DS “Biljeske,” June 11,1968.

95. Popov, Nebojsa, Contra fatum: Slucaj grupe profesora filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu 1968-1988 (Belgrade, 1989), 30-31.Google Scholar

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98. “Miting kod kolarca,” 71.

99. Pervan, , Tito and the Students, 25.Google Scholar

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103. “Proglas sa mitinga solidarnosti u Sarajevu,” 5; untitled proclamation from the Philosophy Faculty of Belgrade University, June 4,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 83.

104. Studenti, nastavno i vannastavno osoblje rudarsko-geoloskog fakulteta u Beogradu, “Zakljucke,” in “Dokumenti,” 91; “Odluke i zahtevi akcionog odbora,” 2; VraniCki, “State and Party,” 643; and Gruenwald, The Yugoslav Search for Man, 153.

105. HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (“Proglas revolucionarnih studenata,” June 6,1968).

106. “Proglas sa mitinga solidarnosti u Sarajevu,” 5.

107. Haraslic, Ibro, “Zasto se studentski predstavnici nisu izborili u savjetu univerziteta za stavove studenata?,” Nasi dani, no. 251 (1966): 1 Google Scholar; Soldo, Drago, Trhulj, Sead, and Arnautovic, Mladen, “Miting i demonstracije Sarajevskih studenata,” Oslobodenje, June 5, 1968, 4.Google Scholar

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109. HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (Zdravko Parag, “Informacija,” June 5, 1968); “Proglas sa mitinga solidarnosti u Sarajevu,” 5.

110. HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (Dragan Vukic, “Informacija,” June 5,1968); “Dalje vesti,” in “Dokumenti,” 113.

111. Devic, , “The Forging of Socialist Nationalism,” 54, 58.Google Scholar

112. Here, the professor is referring to Spain's authoritarian, right-wing regime. Milan Miric, “Reagiranja na ‘Kronuku politicke bitke,'” VUS, June 26, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 201-13.

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117. Klasic, , Jugoslavia i svijet, 197.Google Scholar

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123. HDA, PUZ, SD/2, IL (Zdravko Parag, “Informacija,” June 6, 1968); “Odluke i zahtevi akcionog odbora,” 2; and “Akciono-politicki program,” 1-2.

124. “Akciono-politicki program,” 1-2; “Odluke i zahtevi akcionog odbora i zbora studenata u studentskom gradu odrzanog 3. VI. 1968. god.,” 2.

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127. HU OSA, 300-10-2/424, Students, 1968 (Ivanka Besevic, “Interview with Dr. Dragisa Ivanovic,” no translator given, Politika, June 24,1968); “Razgovor Mike Tripala s predstavnicima akcionog odbora studenata,” Vjesnik, June 6, 1968, in “Dokumenti,” 193-94.

128. “Saopstenje Gradskog komiteta SK i Predsjednistva SSRN Sarajevo,” Borba, June 6,1968, in “Dokumenti,” 216.

129. “Tito Govor,” 337-40.

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132. HU OSA, 300-10-2/463, University, 1965-1968 (Slavoljub Dukic, “Sadasnji trenutak Beogradskog univerziteta,” Borba, June 22,1968).

133. HU OSA 300-10-2/463, University, 1965-1968 (“Communist Branches at Belgrade University Dissolved,” Tanjug in English, July 20,1968).

134. Popov, , Contra fatum, 35.Google Scholar

135. “Belgrade City Conference of LC.“

136. Pervan, Tito and the Students, 33.

137. For example, HU OSA, 300-10-2/424, Students, 1968 (Z.M., “Session of the Belgrade University Council,” no translator given, Politika, June 22,1968).

138. Nikolic, Milan, “Bili smo mladi, revolucionarni i naivni,” in Malavrazic, , ed., Sezdesetosma, 551 Google Scholar; HU OSA, 205-4-80/32, Politics: Political Parties: Praxis, 1975/1 (Slobodan Stankovic, “Belgrade Professors Nearing End of Ordeal?,” January 29,1975); and Jonathan Rosenbaum, “WR, Sex, and the Art of Radical Juxtaposition,” essay in notes to WR: Mysteries of the Organism, dir. Dusan Makavejev (1971; Criterion Collection, 2007), DVD

139. Chari, Sharad and Verdery, Katherine, “Thinking between the Posts: Postcolonialism, Postsocialism, and Ethnography after the Cold War,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51, no. 1 (January 2009): 6-34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar My thanks to the anonymous reviewer who suggested this article.

140. See Devic, “The Forging of Socialist Nationalism.”