Research in Uzbekistan was made possible by a fellowship from the American Councils for International Education: ACTR/ACCELS, funded by the Title VIII Combined Research and Language Training Program, U.S. Department of State.

1. The voluminous literature that considers these assertions includes Althusser, Louis, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,” Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (New York, 1971), 127-86Google Scholar; Weber, Eugen, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of RuralFrance, 1870-1914 (Stanford, 1976), 332-33Google Scholar; White, Hayden, “The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality,” The Content oftheForm: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (Baltimore, 1987), 1–25 Google Scholar; Bhabha, Homi, “DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation,” in Bhabha, Homi, ed., Nation and Narration (London, 1990), 291–322 Google Scholar; Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, Eng., 1990), 91–92.Google Scholar

2. Brubaker, Rogers, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge, Eng., 1996), 30–31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Slezkine, Yuri, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review 53, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 414-52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed, 23.

4. Whether the Soviet Union was a colonial empire, as opposed to an aggressively modernizing state, has been a matter of extensive debate. Although Central Asia was a subordinate periphery attached by force to Moscow's metropole, Soviet nationalizing policies differed significantly from diose of colonial Britain or France. Nonetheless, as Mark Beissinger argues, the USSR's “family resemblance” to other empires makes die analytical category still useful if treated with care. See Beissinger, Mark R, “Soviet Empire as ‘Family Resemblance'” Slavic Review 65, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 294-303CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and related articles by Adeeb Khalid, Adrienne Edgar, and Peter A. Blitstein in the same issue. See also Douglas Northrop, Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia (Ithaca, 2004), 19-22; Ronald Grigor Suny, “The Empire Strikes Out: Imperial Russia, ‘National’ Identity, and Theories of Empire,” in Suny, Ronald Grigor and Martin, Terry, eds., A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (Oxford, 2001), 24–27 Google Scholar; and Francine Hirsch, “Toward an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities,” and Yuri Slezkine, “Commentary: Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Socialism,” Russian Review 59, no. 2 (April 2000): 206-8 and 231-34.

5. Pliya, J., “African History in Training Programmes for Secondary School Teachers,” in The Educational Process and Historiography in Africa (Paris, 1985), 101 Google Scholar.

6. Fage, J. D., “Continuity and Change in the Writing of West African History,” African Affairs 70, no. 280 (July 1971): 236-51Google Scholar; Nurullah, Syed and Naik, J. P., A History of Education in India during the British Period (Bombay, 1951), 369-72.Google Scholar

7. Ernest, Gettner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, 1983), 39–40 Google Scholar; Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1991), 46 Google Scholar.

8. Terry Martin modifies Miroslav Hroch's three-phase model of national development to fit the Soviet case in which the Communist Party acted as the “vanguard of non-Russian nationalism,” although Central Asian intellectuals had more control over “Phase A,” study and codification of culture, than he implies. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939 (Ithaca, 2001), 15. See also, Hroch, Miroslav, “From National Movement to the Fully-Formed Nation: The Nation-Building Process in Europe,” in Eley, Geoff and Suny, Ronald Grigor, eds., Becoming National: A Reader (New York, 1996), 60–78 Google Scholar. Adeeb Khalid argues forcefully that the Jadids had deep influence despite their being destroyed. Khalid, , “Backwardness and the Quest for Civilization: Early Soviet Central Asia in Comparative Perspective,” Slavic Review 65, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 239-41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9. Chatterjee, Partha, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton, 1993), chaps. 4 and 5,Google Scholar and Chatterjee, , Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse (Minneapolis, 1986).Google Scholar

10. Gerschenkron, Alexander, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), 25 Google Scholar; Szporluk, Roman, Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List (New York, 1988), 215-16Google Scholar; Suny, Ronald Grigor, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, 1993), 6, 107-8.Google Scholar

11. Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron have argued that all “pedagogic action“ is “symbolic violence” because it involves the forcible imposition of meaning. Bourdieu and Passeron, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (1977; reprint, London, 1990), 5. This is an extreme position, but justifiable in the Soviet context.

12. Muminov, Ashirbek, “Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sirdarya Valley: Continuity and Transformation,” in Kemper, Michael, Kiigelgen, Anke von, and Yermakov, Dmitriy, eds., Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries (Berlin, 1996), 1:355-68Google Scholar; DeWeese, Devin, Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tukles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Traditions (University Park, Penn., 1994), 382-87, 520-23Google Scholar; Khalid, Adeeb, “The Emergence of a Modern Central Asian Historical Consciousness,” in Sanders, Thomas, ed., Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multi-National State (Armonk, N.Y., 1999), 436-38Google Scholar; Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Firdaws al-Iqbal, trans.Yuri Bregel (Leiden, 1999), 13-25. For broader discussions of Islamic historical time, see Robinson, Chase, Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, Eng., 2003), 124-26Google Scholar, and Waldman, Marilyn Robinson, Toward a Theory of Historical Narrative: A Case Study in Perso-IslamicateHistoriography (Columbus, 1980), 6–16 Google Scholar.

13. Manz, Beatrice F., “Multi-Ethnic Empires and the Formulation of Identity,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 26, no. 1 (January 2003): 80–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barfield, Thomas, “Turk, Persian and Arab: Changing Relationships between Tribes and State in Iran and along Its Frontier,” in Keddie, Nikki and Mathee, Rudi, eds., Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics (Seattle, 2002), 62 Google Scholar; Armstrong, John, Nations before Nationalism (Chapel Hill, 1982), 38–46 Google Scholar.

14. Hanson, Stephen E., Time and Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions (Chapel Hill, 1997), 18–19 and chap. 1Google Scholar; Anderson, Imagined Communities, 24, citing Walter Benjamin, also noted that modern time is “empty,” lacking the prefiguration and fulfillment of prophecy that medieval Christian time was built around. In its own way, Soviet Marxism refilled this emptiness of time. On Marxist-Leninist historical time and nationality policies, see Hirsch, Francine, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, 2005), 28–29, 45.Google Scholar

15. Duara, Prasenjit, Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China (Chicago, 1995), 20 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. White, Hayden, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Baltimore, 1973), 327-30Google Scholar; Connor, Walker, TheNational Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy (Princeton, 1984), 9–11 Google Scholar; Szporluk, , Communism and Nationalism, 174-76Google Scholar, points out that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels assumed that the west would be the center of the revolution, but Vladimir Lenin turned that assumption on its head.

16. Tillet, Lowell, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities (Chapel Hill, 1969), 40–49 Google Scholar; Fitzpatrick, Sheila, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934 (Cambridge, Eng., 1979), 225 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Eimermacher, Karl and Bordiugov, Gennadi, eds., Natsional'nye istorii v sovetskom i postsovetskikh gosudarstvakh (Moscow, 1999), 29-39Google Scholar; Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 445-48; Brandenberger, David, National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956 (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 33–37, 47-53.Google Scholar

17. “Umumii majburii ta'lim planini to'la amalga oshirish uchun” (To fulfill the plan in general compulsory primary education), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 7 January 1954, 4; Pennar, jaan, Bakalo, Ivan I., and Bereday, George Z. F., Modernization and Diversity in Soviet Education: With Special Reference to Nationality Groups (New York, 1971), 292 Google Scholar. Figures published in the USSR for the 1955-1956 school year showed 1,288,000 students in Uzbek schools. Of those, 47.6 percent in were in grades 1-4, 34.8 percent in grades 5-7, and 17.6 percent in grades 8-10. The percentages for the USSR were 48.4 percent, 33.1 percent, and 18.5 percent, respectively, out of a total 28,101,000 pupils. The statisticians did not record the total number of children by age groups, making it impossible to determine what percentage of the population received at least a fourth-grade education.

18. The Soviets turned Uzbekistan into a giant cotton plantation. Even urban children regularly left school for months to pick cotton by hand. E. Qadyrov, “Sovet maktabning ulughbor vazifalari” (The greatest tasks of the Soviet school), Sovet maktabi, no. 4 (April 1956): 9-15; R. Sharafutdinova, Shkol'noe obrazovanie v Uzbekskoi SSR, 1917-1955gg. (Tashkent, 1961), 22-26; Kadyrov, I. K., Narodnoe obrazovanie Sovetskogo Uzbekistana (Tashkent, 1964), 26 Google Scholar; Tokhtakhodjaeva, Marfua and Turgumbekova, Elmira, Daughters of Amazons: Voices from Central Asia, trans. Aslam, Sufian (Lahore, Pakistan, 1996), 128 Google Scholar.

19. A. K. Abdulov, “To'rtinchi sinfda SSSR tarixini o'qitish metodikasining ba'zibir masalalari” (Fundamental methodological questions of teaching Soviet history in the fourth grade), Sovet maktabi, no. 5 (September-October 1953): 61-67; T. Ashrapova, “Uchinchi sinfda izohli o'qish materiallarini planlashtirish” (Planning materials for explanatory teaching in the third grade), Sovet maktabi, no. 10 (September 1954): 34. Szporluk, Communism and Nationalism, 230-31, calls Stalinist historiography a process of reformulating Marxism-Leninism “as a doctrine of national liberation.”

20. “Qishloq maktablarining 6, 8, va 9-nchi sinflarida o'quv materiallarni planlashtirish to'ghrisida” (About planning teaching materials in village schools for the 6th, 8th, and 9th grades), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 7january 1954, 4; “Tarix (programma) materiallarini qisqartib o'qitish haqida” (On teaching abbreviated history [curriculum] materials), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 18 November 1956, 2. While this curriculum was for rural schools, it followed the standard plan for all Soviet schools. The hours devoted to each topic were for the entire school year. Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 36.

21. O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 27 January 1954, 4; Tillett, Great Friendship, 185-92.

22. Not surprisingly, “the peoples of Central Asia met the historic decision with great joy.” H. Tursunov, “O'zbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasining tashkil etilishi” (Organizing the Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan), Sovet maktabi, no. 8 (August 1954): 7-15.

23. E. Qadirov, “Sovet maktabning ulug'bar vazifalari” (The greatest tasks of the Soviet school), Sovet maktabi, no. 4 (April 1956): 11-12; A. S. Efimov, “Abu Ali Ibn Sino tarbiia haqida” (Education about Abu Ali Ibn Sino), Sovet maktabi, no. 10 (October 1956): 14-19.

24. “Maktabda tarix kabineti” (A history room in school), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 30 January 1954, 3; Abdulov, “To'rtinchi sinfda SSSR,” 64-65.

25. “Zakon ob ukreplenii sviazi shkoly s zhizn'iu i o dal'neishem razvitii sistemy narodnogo obrazovaniia v SSSR” (24 December 1958) and “O nekotorykh izmeneniiakh v prepodovanii istorii v shkolakh” (8 October 1959), in Narodnoe obrazovanie v SSSR: Obshcheobrazovatel'naia shkola. Sbornik dohumentov 1917-1933gg. (Moscow, 1974), 53-61 and 196-97; Matthews, Mervyn, Education in the Soviet Union: Policies and Institutions since Stalin (London, 1982), 24–28.Google Scholar

26. O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 9 January 1952, 4, photo of costumed children in the “Stalin“ Pioneer unit.

27. Khalid, “Emergence of a Modern Central Asian Historical Consciousness,” 446-48. See also Khalid, “Nation into History: The Origins of National Historiography in Central Asia,” in Dudoignon, Stéphane A., ed., Devout Societies vs. Impious States? Transmitting Islamic Learning in Russia, Central Asia and China through the Twentieth Century (Berlin, 2004), 140-42Google Scholar; Saidkulov, T. S., Ocherki istoriografii istorii narodov Srednei Azii (Tashkent, 1992), 184-87Google Scholar.

28. Stalin, J. V., “Marxism and the National Question,” Works (Moscow, 1953), 2: 304-7Google Scholar; Suny, Revenge of the Past, 110-12; Smith, Jeremy, The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917-1923 (New York, 1999), 18–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

29. Shnirelman, Victor A., Who Gets the Past? Competition for Ancestors among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia (Washington, D.C., 1996), 10 Google Scholar; Akhunova, M. A. and Lunin, B. V, Istoriia istoricheskoi nauki v Uzbekistan (Tashkent, 1970), 98 Google Scholar.

30. Trever, K. V, Iakubovskii, A. Iu., and Voronets, M. E., eds., Istoriia narodov Uzbekistan (Tashkent, 1947-1950).Google Scholar S. P. Tolstov, V. Iu. Zakhidov, la. G. Guliamov, and R. N. Nabiev, scholars at the Uzbek Academy of Sciences, also got credit for working on this edition; as the local editors they probably wrote most of it. In 1955 they updated and retitled it Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR.

31. Ghulomov, Iahia Gh., Nabiev, Rashid N., and Vahobov, M. Gh., O'zbekiston SSR tarixi (birtomlik) (History of the Uzbek SSR, one volume) (Tashkent, 1958), 18–21 Google Scholar; “4-sinfda SSSR tarixi o'rganish masalalariga doir” (Pertaining to questions of advising USSR history in the fourth grade), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 7 August 1959, 2; “Sakkiz yilik maktabning o'quv programmalari haqida” (On die curriculum of the eight-year school), Sovet maktabi, no. 8 (August 1959): 29.

32. “4-sinfda,” 2; Ghulomov, Nabiev, and Vahobov, O'zbekiston SSR tarixi, 41. The most widely used series of Istoriia SSSR textbooks was edited by A. M. Pankratova, but Uzbek schools used two different series in Russian and Uzbek, one by S. P. Alekseev and V G. Kartsov and another by M. V. Nechkina.

33. G. Prives, “SSSR tarixi epizodik kursini o'qitishdagi izchillikka doir” (Pertaining to consistency in teaching the episodic course in Soviet history), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 29 December 1959, 3.

34. Juvaini, who had different political imperatives, described Torobi in 1238 as “a sieve-maker, of whom it was said that in stupidity and ignorance he had not his equal.” Juvaini, Ata-Malik, Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror, trans. Boyle, J. A. (Seattle, 1997), 109.Google Scholar

35. Kamil Akilov and Nina Teikh, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR: Rasskazy dlia 4-ogo klassa (Tashkent, 1963, 1986), 33, 50-52 (although some editorial changes were made in the 1986 edition, there are no substantive differences between the two editions); Tillett, Great Friendship, 368-74.

36. Ghulomov, Nabiev, and Vahobov, O'zbekiston SSR tarixi, 186, 190-91. Al-Biruni (973-1048) was a mathematician and cartographer. Ibn Sino (980-1037), known to Europeans as Avicenna, was the greatest philosopher and physician of his day. Ulugh Bek (1394-1449) built a huge sextant in Samarkand and compiled the first original star chart since Ptolemy. He was decapitated on orders of his own son in a power struggle, although Soviet histories had him murdered by obscurantist clergy.

37. See, for example, Allen J. Frank, “Islamic Shrine Catalogues and Communal Geography in the Volga-Ural Region: 1788-1917,“/oim«i£ of Islamic Studies 7, no. 2 (1996): 265-86.

38. “4-sinfda,” 2; Kamil Oqilov and Nina Teikh, “4-sinf o'qituvchilariga yordam“ (Help for fourth-grade teachers), O'qituvchilargazetasi, 25 September 1959, 4; Akilov and Teikh, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 9.

39. Akilov and Teikh, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 10.

40. Oqilov and Teikh, “Arab istilochilariga qarshi kurash tarixidan” (History of the struggle against Arab invaders), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 29 September 1959, 4; Iakh'ia Guliamov and Rashid Nabiev, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR: Uchebnoe posobie dlia 7-8-ikh klassov shkol Uzbekistana (Tashkent, 1971), 30; Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Jafar al-Narshakhi, TheHistory of Bukhara, trans. Richard Frye (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 65-75.

41. Oqilov and Teikh, “4-sinf o'qituvchilariga yordam,” 4; Akilov and Teikh, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 12; Guliamov and Nabiev, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 28.

42. Oqilov and Teikh, “O'rta asrning buiuk olimlari va yozuvchilari” (Great writers and scholars of the Middle Ages), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 9 October 1959, 4; Guliamov and Nabiev, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 37-39.

43. “8-10 sinflarda SSSR tarikhini o'rganishda mahalii materiallardan foidalanish metodlari” (Using methods in teaching Soviet history from local materials in grades 8-10), O'qituvchilargazetasi, 21 August 1960, 2; Efimov, “Abu Ali Ibn Sino tarbiia haqida,” 15-16; Akilov and Teikh, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR (1963), 18-21 and (1986), 11-14. Iran also claims these same scholars as great national heroes. Golnar Mehran, “The Presentation of the ‘Self and the ‘Other’ in Postrevolutionary Iranian School Textbooks,” in Keddie and Mathee, eds., Iran and the Surrounding World, 236.

44. Guliamov and Nabiev, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 16; Richard Taruskin, Defining Russia Musically: Historical and HermeneuticalEssays (Princeton, 1997), 27-28; Brandenberger, National Bolshevism, 86. The Greek source, Polyaenus, is described as the “auuior of a miscellany of stratagems selected on merit rather than authenticity.” Ilya Gershevitch, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge, Eng., 1985), 2:220.

45. Spitamenes's death acquired more political meaning with each new textbook edition: Ghulomov, Nabiev, and Vahobov, O'zbekiston SSR tarixi, 51, wrote that Spitamenes was killed by his in-laws. The 1963 Akilov and Teikh textbook said he was killed in battle (Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 10). The 1971 textbook by Guliamov and Nabiev blamed Spitamenes's death on elites who felt threatened by him (istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 16-18).

46. Akilov and Teikh, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 11.

47. Abolala Soudavar, “The Early Safavids and Their Cultural Interactions with Surrounding States,” in Keddie and Mathee, eds., Iran and the Surrounding World, 94-98.

48. Bol'shakov, O. G., “Kul'tura Srednei Azii v srednie veka,” Prepodavanie istorii v shkole, no. 1 (January-February 1956): 37.Google Scholar

49. Guliamov and Nabiev, Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, 58, 40, 59.

50. Hanson, Time and Revolution, 20.

51. A. Sultonov and A. Ziyoev, “Tarix muzei qandai tashkil qilindi?” (How was the history museum organized?), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 4 April 1963, 4. This was a major project that had begun in 1959; obviously, the students had a great deal of help from adults. “Maktabda tarix muzei” (A history museum in school), O'qituvchilar gazetasi, 17July 1959, 4.

52. Muhamedov, H., “Qadimgi so'ghd vohasini mudofaa qilish tarixidan” (From the history of defending an ancient Soghdian oasis), Sovet maktabi, no. 5 (May 1959): 36–41 Google Scholar; Muhammadjonov, A., “Qadimgi suv omborlari” (Ancient irrigation conduits), Sovet maktabi, no. 6 (June 1966): 42–45 Google Scholar; Iunusov, N., “Maktabda o'lkashunoslik muzei” (A regional studies museum in school), Sovet maktabi, no. 6 (June 1964): 31–32.Google Scholar

53. “Izuchat’ i znat’ svoi krai,” Prepodavanie istorii v shkole, no. 3 (1958): 125.

54. Text and photographic examples from issues of O'qituvchilar gazetasi and Sovet maktabi from 1954 to 1961. Sadly, there was no photograph of children dancing the “Andijan polka” in November 1959. The earliest photo I have seen of hair bows was on die back cover of Sovet maktabi, no. 3 (March 1958).

55. Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamad, Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Historiography (New York, 2001), 4,99–104 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Kurzman, Charles, “Weaving Iran into the Tree ofNations,” InternationalJournal ofMiddle East Studies 37, no. 2 (2005): 137-66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

56. Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 3d ed. (New York, 2002), 358-60Google Scholar; Poulton, Hugh, Top Hat, Grey Wolf and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic (New York, 1997), 101-9Google Scholar. On the Soviets and race, see Hirsch, Empire of Nations, 231-72.

57. Sagdullaev, A. S., Kostetskii, V A., and Norkulov, N. K., htoriia Uzbekistana 6 (Tashkent, 2000), 149, 153-55Google Scholar; Muhammadjonov, A., O'zbekiston tarixi 7 (Tashkent, 2001), 122, 126-30, 135-38, 166-67Google Scholar. See also Büşra Ersanli, “History Textbooks as Reflections of the Political Self: Turkey (1930s and 1990s) and Uzbekistan (1990s),” InternationalJournal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 2 (May 2002): 337-49; Keller, Shoshana, “Going to School in Uzbekistan,” in Sahadeo, Jeff and Zanca, Russell, eds., Daily Life in Central Asia (Bloomington, 2007)Google Scholar.

58. See Saidkulov's 1992 textbook for the study of traditional histories: Saidkulov, Ocherki istoriografii istorii narodov SredneiAzii. See also, Malikov, Azim M., “History in Uzbekistan,” in Rasuly-Paleczek, Gabriele and Katschnig, Julia, eds., Central Asia on Display (Vienna, 2004), 133-38.Google Scholar

59. Suny, Ronald Grigor, “Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations,” Journal of Modern History 73, no. 4 (December 2001): 862-96CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kamp, Marianne, “A Structuralist Argument concerning the Consolidation of Uzbek Identity,” Ab Imperio 4 (2005): 301-12CrossRefGoogle Scholar and related essays in the same issue, 279-360; Ilkhamov, Alisher and Zhukova, Liudmila, eds., Etnicheskii atlas Uzbekistana (Tashkent, 2002), 268–311.Google Scholar