1. Archiv Hlavního Mĕsta Prahy (Archive of the Capital City of Prague, AHMP), Fond Vojtĕch Berger, Book I.

2. In particular, see King, Jeremy, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848-1948 (Princeton, 2002);Google Scholar Judson, Pieter, Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, Mass., 2006);Google Scholar Zahra, Tara, Kidnapped Souls: National Indijference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands, 1900-1948 (Ithaca, 2008);Google Scholar and the articles on the theme “Sites of Indifference to Nation in Habsburg Central Europe” in Austrian History Yearbook 43 (April 2012). Other important English-language works that underscore the tenuousness of nationalist mobilizations and/or use the Czech-German case to complicate conventional understandings of nationalism (often focused on the attainment of state power) include Bugge, Peter, “Czech Nation-Building, National Self-Perception and Politics, 1780-1914” (PhD diss., University of Aarhus, 1994);Google Scholar Bryant, Chad, Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism (Cambridge, Mass., 2007);Google Scholar Wingfield, Nancy M., Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech (Cambridge, Mass., 2007);Google Scholar Murdock, Caitlin E., Changing Places: Society, Culture, and Territory in the Saxon-Bohemian Borderlands, 1870-1946 (Ann Arbor, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. Brubaker, Rogers, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge, Eng., 1996), chap. 1;CrossRefGoogle Scholar King, Jeremy, “The Nationalization of East Central Europe: Ethnicity, Ethnicism, and Beyond,” in Bucur, Maria and Wingfield, Nancy M., eds., Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the Present (West Lafayette, 2001).Google Scholar On “groupism,” see Brubaker, Rogers, Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 17.Google Scholar For a succinct overview of the literature, see Cohen, Gary, The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861-1914, 2d ed. (West Lafayette, 2006), introduction.Google Scholar

4. Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups, 17. Emphasis in the original.

5. On “national indifference,” see especially Tara Zahra, Kidnapped Souls; Zahra, , “Reclaiming Children for the Nation: Germanization, National Ascription, and Democracy in the Bohemian Lands, 1900-1945,” Central European History 37, no. 4 (December 2004): 501–43;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Zahra, , “lmagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis,” Slavic Review 69, no. 1(Spring 2010): 93–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Pieter Judson, Robert Nemes, and Margarete Grandner, “Editors’ Notes,” Austrian History Yearbook 43 (April 2012): vii. See also Zahra, “Imagined Noncommunities“; Zahra, Kidnapped Souls, 4.

7. Zahra, “Imagined Noncommunities,” 105: “National indifference is therefore fundamentally a negative and nationalist category. Indifference only existed as such in the eyes of the nationalist beholder.” On the working class as a discursive construction with less or more of a social structural referent, see Joyce, Patrick, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge, Eng., 1994);CrossRefGoogle Scholar Eley, Geoff and Nield, Keith, The Future of Class in History: What's Left of the Social? (Ann Arbor, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. For an analogous point, see Alex Toshkov's comments on Zahra'sarticle, “Imagined Noncommunities,” on the Slavic Review online discussion page, at www.slavicreview.illinois.edu/discussion/ (last accessed 1 March 2013).

9. Brubaker, Compare, Ethnicity without Groups, 11–12.Google Scholar

10. Other alternatives-for example, dynasticism, religion, regionalism, and liberalism-also possessed important influence and meaning among ordinary people, but they lie outside the scope of this article.

11. On national indifference as a rhetorical weapon, see Judson, Guardians, 180. This quote is from Zahra, “Imagined Noncommunities,” 97-98.

12. Pergher, Roberta adumbrates a similar point in “Staging the Nation in Fascist Italy's ‘New Provinces,“’ Austrian History Yearbook 43 (April 2012): 98–115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, but then stresses the insincerity of seemingly nationalist claims made by indifferent South Tirolians.

13. Zahra, “Imagined Noncommunities,” 97-98, 113-14; and Judson and Zahra, “Introduction,” Austrian History Yearbook 43 (April 2012): 22-23.

14. King, Budweisers, chap. 3; Judson, Pieter, “Introduction: Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe,” in Judson, Pieter and Rozenblit, Marsha, eds., Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe (Oxford, 2005), 6–9.Google Scholar

15. On competing versions of German-ness, see Judson, Pieter, “Changing Meanings of ‘German’ in Habsburg Central Europe,” in lngrao, Charles W. and Szabo, Franz A. J., eds., The Germans and the East (West Lafayette, 2008);Google Scholar Murdock, Caitlin E., “The Politics of Belonging: Citizenship, Community, and Territory on the Saxon-Bohemian Frontier, 1918-1924,” Austrian History Yearbook 43 (April 2012): 59–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Other regional case studies (albeit on political and social elites) showing how competing intranational visions furthered nationalism include: Porter, Brian, When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland (New York, 2000);Google Scholar Glassheim, Eagle, Noble Nationalists: The Transformation of the Bohemian Aristocracy (Cambridge, Mass., 2005);Google Scholar and Orzoff, Andrea, Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948 (Oxford, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16. King, Budweisers, 134-39, 112-13. On the Moravian Compromise, see also Zahra, Kidnapped Souls, 32-39.

17. Cohen, Politics of Ethnic Survival, 13.

18. See especially Mommsen, Hans, Die Sozialdemokratie und die Nationälitiitenfrage im Habsburgischen Vielvölkerstaat (Vienna, 1963);Google Scholar Šolle, Zdenĕk, Socialistické dĕlnické hnutí a českáotázka 1848-1918 (Prague, 1969);Google Scholar Konrad, Helmut, Nationalismus und Internationalismus: Die österreichische Arbeiterbewegung vor dem ersten Weltkrieg (Vienna, 1976);Google Scholar Galandauer, Jan, Bohumír Šmeral 1880-1914 (Prague, 1981)Google Scholar; Galandauer, , Od Hainfeldu ke vzniku KSČ: české dĕlnicke hnutí v letech 1889-1921 (Prague, 1986);Google Scholar Löw, Raimund, Der Zerfall der “Kleinen lnternationale“: Nationälitiitenkonflikte in der Arbeiterbewegung des alten Österreich (1889-1914) (Vienna, 1984).Google Scholar

19. Mommsen, Die Sozialdemokratie, 413. Rather more sensitive discussions, relevant to the present study, can be found in van Duin, Pieter C., Central European Crossroads: Social Democracy and National Revolution in Bratislava (Pressburg), 1867-1921(New York, 2009);Google Scholar Houfek, Václav, “Nacionalizace společnosti a dĕlnictvo na Ostecku do roku 1918,” in Kaiserova, Kristina and Rak, Jiří, eds., Nacionalizace společnosti v Čechách 1848-1914 (Ústí nad Labem, 2008).Google Scholar

20. See, for example, Langewiesche, Dieter, Zur Freizeit des Arbeiters: Bildungsbestrebungen und Freizeitgestaltung österreichischer Arbeiter im Kaiserreich und der Ersten Republik (Stuttgart, 1979);Google Scholar Kuleman, Peter, Am Beispiel des Austromarxismus: Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterbewegung in Österreich von Hainfeld bis zur Dollfuß-Diktatur (Hamburg, 1979);Google Scholar Troch, Harald, Rebellensonntag: Der 1. Mai zwischen Politik, Arbeiterkultur und Volksfest in Österreich (1890-1918) (Vienna, 1991);Google Scholar Maderthaner, Wolfgang and Musner, Lutz, Unruly Masses: The Other Side of Fin-de-Siécle Vienna,trans. Fernbach, David and Huffmaster, Michael (New York, 2008);Google Scholar Fasora, Lukáš, Dĕlník a Mĕšfan: Vývoj jejich vzájemných vztahů na příkladu šesti moravských mĕst 1870-1914 (Brno, 2010).Google Scholar

21. “Autonomists” won about 350,000 votes, while “Centralists” won around 14,000. Galandauer, Od Hainfeldu, 37; Kofalka, Jiří, Češi v habsburske Riši a v Evropĕ 1815-1914 (Vienna, 1996), 264.Google Scholar Regional variations remained important-with Moravian Czech Social Democrats less separatist than their Bohemian counterparts, for example-but the overall trend was toward exclusivist nationalism.

22. Bahm, Karl F., “The Inconveniences of Nationality: German Bohemians, the Disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Attempt to Create a ‘Sudeten German’ Identity,” Nationalities Papers 27, no. 3 (September 1999): 389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23. Himka, John-Paul, Socialism in Galicia: The Emergence of Polish Social Democracy and Ukrainian Radicalism (1860-1890) (Cambridge, Mass., 1983).Google Scholar

24. For an overview of the Polish workers’ movement in all three partitions, see Rojahn, Jürgen, “Poland,” in Van Der Linden, Marcel and Rojahn, Jürgen, eds., The Formation of Labour Movements 1870-1914: An International Perspective (Leiden, 1990).Google Scholar On the Bund, see Hofmeester, Karin, “The Jewish Workers’ Movement in the Russian Empire,” in Van Der Linden, and Rojahn, , eds., The Formation; and Zimmerman, Joshua D., Poles, fews, and the Politics of Nationality: The Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Tsarist Russia, 1892-1914 (Madison, 2004).Google Scholar On the PPS's fragmentation, see Blobaum, Robert E., Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904-1907 (lthaca, 1995), esp. chaps. 1and 6.Google Scholar On the PPS's intellectual relationship to nationalism, see Snyder, Timothy, Nationalism, Marxism, and Modem Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz (1872-1905) (Cambridge, Mass., 1997).Google Scholar

25. Stauter-Halsted, Keely, The Nation in the Village: The Genesis of Peasant National Identity in Austrian Poland, 1848-1914 (Ithaca, 2001).Google Scholar

26. Hobsbawm, Eric J., “Afterword: Working Classes and Nations,” in Hoerder, Dirk, ed., Labor Migration in the Atlantic Economies: The European and North American Working Classes during the Period of Industrialization (Westport, Conn., 1985), 441.Google Scholar

27. Hobsbawm, Eric J., Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality,, (Cambridge, Eng., 1990), 130.Google Scholar See also p. 10.

28. Bahm, “The Inconveniences,” and Bahm, Karl F., “Beyond the Bourgeoisie: Rethinking Nation, Culture, and Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Central Europe,” Austrian History Yearbook 29 (January 1998): 19–35.Google Scholar

29. Judson, , Guardians, 62.Google Scholar

30. On the importance of this genre as a means of active agitation and as an important discursive arena, see Brabec, Jiří, Poezie na přĕdelu doby: Vývojové tendence české poezie koncem let osmdesátých a na počátku let devadesátých X IX. století (Prague, 1964), 66–68.Google Scholar

31. On Bauer, see Hanisch, Ernst, Der Große Illusionist: Otto Bauer (1881-1938) (Vienna, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

32. Bauer, Otto, The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy, trans. O'Donnell, Joseph (Minneapolis, 2000), 96, 98.Google Scholar

33. For a full discussion of this distinction, see Mommsen, Hans, “Otto Bauer, Karl Renner und die sozialdemokratische Nationalpolitik in Österreich von 1905 bis 1914,” in Hitchins, Keith, ed., Studies in East European Social History, vol. 1 (Leiden, 1977);Google Scholar Konrad, Helmut, “Sozialdemokratische und kommunistische Lösungsansätze zur nationalen Frage in Ost- und Mitteleuropa,” in Komad, Helmut, ed., Arbeiterbewegung und Nationale Frage in den Nachfolgestaaten der Habsburgermonarchie (Vienna, 1993);Google Scholar Konrad, Nationalismus. Compare Snyder, Nationalism, 188-90, 246-50.

34. This might reflect a difference between Reich German and Austrian socialism. Compare Lidtke, Vernon L., The Alternative Culture: Socialist Lahor in Imperial Germany (New York, 1985);Google Scholar Korff, Gottfried, “Volkskultur und Arbeiterkultur: Überlegungen am Beispiel der sozialistischen Maifesttradition,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 5, no. 1(1979): 83–102.Google Scholar

35. Langewiesche, Zur Freizeit, 127-44, 174-222; Kuleman, Am Beispiel, 21-31. Both authors draw data and categories from socialist education reformer Robert Danneberg's journal Bildungsarbeit. For similar conclusions on imperial German Social Democratic culture, see Lidtke, Alternative Culture, chap. 7.

36. Brabec, Poezie, 66-83.

37. Langewiesche, Zur Freizeit, 118-19; Wolfgang Maderthaner, “'Der freie Geist, das freie Wort!’ Die Arbeiterpresse in Österreich von 1867 bis zur Jahrhundertwende,” in Maderthaner, ed. Arbeiterbewegung, 182.

38. Maderthaner, ‘“Der freie Geist,“’ 189; Galandauer, Od Hainfeldu, 75.

39. On neophytes’ preference for feuilletons, see Haberman, Gustav, Z mého života: Vzpomínky z let 1876-1877-1884-1896 (Prague, 1914), 28.Google Scholar

40. The periodical Zář published Czech worker calendars and Mayday brochures. The Arbeiter-Zeitung published Austrian German worker calendars from 1890 to 1894, before the Volksbuchhandlung took over publication. On the Volksbuchhandlung, see Schrott, Hans, Verlag der Wiener Volksbuchhandlung 1894-1934: Eine Bibliographie (Vienna, 1977).Google Scholar

41. Pepper, Hugo, “Die frühe österreichische Sozialdemokratie und die Anfänge der Arbeiterkultur,” in Maderthaner, Wolfgang, ed., Sozialdemokratie und Habsburgerstaat (Vienna, 1988), 97.Google Scholar

42. Protokoli des Parteitages (Vienna, 1911), 25; Protokol XI. sjezdu (Prague, 1913), 43-45.

43. Langewiesche, Zur Freizeit, 117-18, 66-68.

44. Ibid., 110-16, 174-222; Kuleman, Am Beispiel, 23-26; Lidtke, Alternative Culture, 185-89.

45. Protokoli des Parteitages 1911, 25; Bachleitner, Norbert, Eybl, Franz M., and Fischer, Ernst, Geschichte des Buchhandels in Österreich (Wiesbaden, 2000), 214–15.Google Scholar

46. Protokol X. sjezdu (Prague, 1911), 45; Protokoli des Parteitages (Vienna, 1913), 44; Zprava ku XI. sjezdu (Prague, 1913), 27-28.

47. Kořalka, Ćeši, 231; Bugge, “Czech Nation-Building,” 308. In Austria, Czech literacy was even marginally higher than German literacy.

48. Siegfried Mattl, “Austria,” in Van Der Linden and Jürgen Rojahn, eds., The Formation, 305.

49. For Social Democratic institutional history, see Margarete Grandner, “Die Entwicklung der Gewerkschaften Österreichs vor 1914,” in Maderthaner, ed., Arbeiterbewegung, 204-6; Maderthaner, Wolfgang, “Die Entstehung einer demokratischen Massenpartei: Sozialdemokratische Organisation von 1889 bis 1918,” in Maderthaner, Wolfgang and Müller, Wolfgang C., eds., Die Organisation der osterreichischen Sozialdemokratie 1889-1995 (Vienna, 1996).Google Scholar On the 1880s, see Steiner, Herbert, Die Arbeiterbewegung Österreichs, 1867-1889 (Vienna, 1964).Google Scholar On the socialist press, see Maderthaner, “'Der freie Geist,“’ 182-91.

50. Rose, Jonathan, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (New Haven, 2001), 4.Google Scholar

51. Šlechta, J. E., Bida ve vsi: Povídka z vesnice. LidovéKnihovny Svazek I. (Prague, 1904), back cover.Google Scholar

52. On structures of colportage, its significance, and the authorities’ prohibition of socialist party bookstores in most locations, see Langewiesche, Zur Freizeit, 108-18; Bachleitner, Eybl, and Fischer, Geschichte des Buchhandels, 231-32. For socialists leaders’ often disappointed evaluations of colporteurs, see Protokoli des Parteitages 1911, 24; Protokol VI. sjezdu (Prague, 1904) 72-74; Protokol X I. sjezdu 1913, 49-50; Protokoli des Parteitages 1913, 42.

53. Langewiescbe, Zur Freizeit, 111-16.

54. AHMP, Berger, Book I, 152.

55. On Cajtbarnl's life, work, and legacy, see Vanĕčkova-štĕpánková, Zdeňka and Ebnert, Pravoslav, Cajthamlů v Odkaz (Prague, 1996);Google Scholar and, in his own words, František Cajtbarnl, Český sever ve hnutí dĕlnickém (Prague, 1926). Cajtbarnl may bave adopted bis pseudonym from Leo Kocbmann, an earlier Czecb socialist activist wbo went into American exile in tbe late 1880s and wbo also used it. See Marki, Jaroslav, “Zpĕv pražského dĕlnictva,” in Robek, Antonín, Moravcová, Mirjam, and Štastná, Jarmila, eds., Stará dĕlnická Praha: Život a kultura pražských dĕlníků 1848-1939 (Prague, 1981), 94.Google Scholar

56. Cajtbaml contributed to the May brocbures in 1901, 1904, and 1905 and to tbe worker calendars in 1896, 1900, 1903, and 1914.

57. On these parties, see Kelly, Mills T., Without Remorse: Czech National Socialism in Late-Habsburg Austria (Boulder, Colo., 2006)Google Scholar and Whiteside, Andrew G., The Socialism of Fools (Berkeley, 1975).Google Scholar

58. See Kořalka, , Češi, 264 Google Scholar; Unfried, Berthold, “Der tschechische und der deutsche Sozialismus in Österreich und die nationale Frage,” in Winkelbauer, Thomas, ed., Kontakte und Konflikt. Böhmen, Mähren und Österreich: Aspekte eines fahrtausends gemeinsamer Geschichte (Waidhofen an der Thaya, 1993), 315.Google Scholar Still, Social Democratic leaders alarmed by these parties’ modest inroads devoted increasing attention to them.

59. According to annual Habsburg Ministry of the Interior reports on Oie socialdemokratische und anarchistische Bewegung (SDAB) from the ÖsterreichischesStaatsarchiv, Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv, Vienna (AVA), Social Democracy was by far the largest workers’ organization. From 1890, anarchists attracted a shrinking fringe of workers while Christian Socials and various radical nationalist parties could only make limited inroads among workers beyond a few artisanal trades. See AVA-SDAB 1892, 53; 1893, 52-60; 1894, 53-57; 1895, 67-68; 1896, 53-58; 1899, 28. On the Christian Social party, see Boyer's, John seminal studies: Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848-1897 (Chicago, 1981) and Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897-1918 (Chicago, 1995).Google Scholar

60. Compare Olga Skalníková, “Společenský život dĕlnictva v Praze,” in Robek, Moravcová, and Štastná, eds., Stará dĕlnická Praha.

61. See Kochmann, Leo's wistful 1888 proletarian version of the Czech national anthem, “Kde domov mů j?” (Where Is My Home?), in Zpĕvník českých delnickych pisní (New York, 1888), 10.Google Scholar

62. On the significance of this genre and its key exponents-including Cajthaml, V. David, Krapka, and others-see Brabec, Poezie, 66-72.

63. Liberté, V. L. [F. Cajthaml], Mráčky před bouří: Drobné povfdky a obrázky ze života dĕnického (Most, 1893), 15–33.Google Scholar

64. Ibid., 19.

65. See Zahra, Kidnapped Souls, chap. 1.

66. On Czech workers’ superficial inclusion in the purportedly all-national Sokol, see Skalníková, “Společenský život,” 65-66.

67. Liberté [Cajthaml], Mráčky, 19-23.

68. Schuhmeier, Franz, ed., Der Rothe Declamator nebst einem Anhange von Liedern (Vienna, 1893), 12–13.Google Scholar I am grateful to Rudolf Graeter for assisting with this translation.

69. See Rak, Jiří, Bývali Čechove: Česke Historické Mýty a Stereotypy (Prague, 1994), esp. 51–66;Google Scholar Čornej, Petr, Lipanské Ozvĕny (Prague, 1995);Google Scholar Wingfield, Flag Wars,4.

70. Náchodský, Josef Krapka, Z rů znych kruhU: Drobné povídky (Prague, 1894).Google Scholar “Co ta lípa vypravuje” is the first story in this collection.

71. See Šolle, Zdenĕk, “Die Maifeiern der tschechischen Arbeiterbewegung in Österreich (1890-1918),” in Maderthaner, Wolfgang and Maier, Michaela, eds., Archiv. Jahrbuch des Vereins für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, vol. 6 (Vienna, 1990), 170.Google Scholar For Krapka's biography, see Franĕk, Otakar, Rebel a bánsník: Okamžiky života dĕlnickeho politika a bánsníka Josefa Krapky-Nachodskeho (Hradec Králové, 1982).Google Scholar

72. Náchodský, Josef Krapka, Z rů zných kruhů : Drobné povídky (Prague, 1894), 7.Google Scholar

73. Ibid., 7-8.

74. On the maudlin character of this genre, see Brabec, Poezie, 69-71.

75. The parody appears already in Most, Johann, ed., Neuestes Proletarier-Liederbuch von verschiedenen Arbeiterdichtern, 4th ed. (Chemnitz, 1873), 28–29.Google Scholar See Lidtke, Alternative Culture, 124-26. It appeared in Austrian proletarian songbooks in the 1890s. See Stein, Viktor, ed., Oesterreichisches Proletarier-Liederbuch, 3d rev. ed. (Vienna, 1905).Google Scholar

76. Marki, , “Zpĕv,'’ 85, 94-98, 105.Google Scholar This applied to other Austrian political camps that, like the workers’ movement, often composed new, topically relevant versions of familiar songs and used borrowed melodies. See Wingfield, , Flag Wars, 44, 61.Google Scholar

77. Wingfield, , Flag Wars,esp. 45;Google Scholar Julia, Schmid, Kampf um das Deutschtum: Radikaler Nationalismus in Österreich und dem deutschen Reich 1890-1914 (Frankfurt, 2009), 126–28.Google Scholar In the German Reich, the “Deutschlandlied” had precedence.

78. Stein, , ed., Oesterreichisches Proletarier-Liederbuch, 83.Google Scholar

79. King, , Budweisers, 74, 80-86.Google Scholar

80. Brouček, Stanislav et al., Mýtus českeho národa aneb Národopisná výstava českoslovanská 1895 (Prague, 1996).Google Scholar

81. Skalniková, , “Společenský život,” 62–64.Google Scholar

82. David, Vilém, Dojmy z výstavy: Upomínka na národopisnou výstavu roku 1895 (Prague, 1897).Google Scholar

83. Ibid., 37-39.

84. Another difference was Austrian Germans’ close ties to Reich German socialists.

85. On the declaration, see Bugge, “Czech Nation-Building,” 218; Šolle, Socialistické dĕlnické hnutí, 21.

86. Soukup, František, ed., Počátek obratu: Pamĕtní brožura o manifestaci míru (Prague, 1897).Google Scholar See also Unfried, “Der tschechische,” 314; Wingfield, Flag Wars, 62.

87. Čornej, , Lipanské Ozvĕny, 103–13.Google Scholar

88. Although they neglect cultural dynamics, the following works underscore the utopian promise that Austrian socialists saw in suffrage reform: Mommsen, Die Sozialdemokratie, esp. 362-85; Ucakar, Karl, Demokratie und Wahlrecht in Österreich: Zur Entwicklung von politischer Partizipation und staatlicher Legitimationspolitik (Vienna, 1985), 225–30;Google Scholar Schöffer, Peter, Der Wahlrechtskampf der österreichischen Sozialdemokratie 1888/9-1897 (Wiesbaden, 1986);Google Scholar Sewering-Wollanek, Marlis, Brot oder Nationalität? Nordwestböhmische Arbeiterbewegung im Brennpunkt der Nationalitätenkonflikte (1889-1911) (Marburg, 1994), 200–208, 224-25.Google Scholar See also Urban, Otto, Die tschechische Gesellschaft 1848 bis 1918, trans. Schlegel, Henning (Vienna, 1994), 756–85, 813-15;Google Scholar Kořalka, Češi, 259-64.

89. Gary Cohen sees this as a promising research direction. Cohen, “Nationalist Politics and the Dynamics of State and Civil Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1867-1914,” Central European History 40, no. 2 (June 2007): 241–78.

90. Discussing this proprietary stance in very general terms are Unfried, “Der tschechische“; Fasora, Dĕlník, 382.

91. For example, see the 1909 Czech party congress debate, quoted in Löw, Der Zerfall, 238-92.

92. For example, “Nationale Sonntagsvergnügungen,” Arbeiter-Zeitung, 15 August 1909, 1-2. On the outraged Czech socialist response to this article, see Národní Archiv, Prague, Fond Prezidium Místodržitelství 1900-1910, Carton 3570, Sig. 8/1/17/8, Letter from Police Commissioner Křikava to lnterior Ministry, 27 August 1909.

93. Oesterreichischer Arbeiter-Kalendar für das Jahr 1904 (Vienna, 1904), 74-83.

94. Readers would immediately recognize “Wenzel” as shorthand in Viennese folk culture for any Czech bumpkin. Numerous satirical songs mercilessly lampooned “Wenzels.” See Haberman, , Z mého života, 34.Google Scholar

95. For “big cornflower eyes,” see Hanusch, Ferdinand, Die Namenlosen: Geschichten aus dem Leben der Arbeiter und Armen (Vienna, 1910), 19.Google Scholar For radical German nationalism, see Whiteside, The Socialism of Fools, 188-89; Höbelt, Lothar, Kornblume und Kaiseradler (Munich, 1993).Google Scholar

96. Hanusch, Ferdinand, Lazarus: Eine Jugendgeschichte (Vienna, 1912), 124.Google Scholar

97. Compare Zahra, Kidnapped Souls, 20-21, 26. For a good introduction to the minority school issue, see Glettler, Monika, Die Wiener Tschechen um 1900: Strukturanalyse einer nationalen Minderheit in der Großstadt (Munich, 1972), 277.Google Scholar

98. Šlechta, J. E., Život za život: Lidové Knihovny. Ročník VI.,Svazek II. (Prague, 1909), “Boj za Právo,” 86–144.Google Scholar

99. Ibid., 90.

100. Ibid., 100-144.

101. See Judson, Pieter, “Nationalizing Rural Landscapes, 1880-1914,” in Wingfield, Nancy M., ed., Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe (New York, 2003), 144;Google Scholar Judson, Guardians, chap. 2. On the actual social-political context of the Czech-German language frontier, see Cornwall, Mark, “The Struggle on the Czech-German Language Border, 1880-1940,” English Historical Review 109, no. 433 (September 1994): 914–51.Google Scholar

102. For other instances of German workers’ sympathy for Czech schooling rights, see Houfek, “Nacionalizace společnosti,” 303.

103. Other examples on the school question include Foltýn, [Josef Stivin], VičíMaky: Verše a karikatury 1901-1908 (Prague, 1908), 83, 84;Google Scholar and David, Vilda, Proslovy (Prague, 1914), 34.Google Scholar On the German side, multinational realities were generally ignored altogether, reinforcing a condescending stance when they did appear, as in Werkmann, Josef's, “Artige Kinder,” in Oesterreichischer Arbeiter-Kalendar für das Jahr 1905 (Vienna, 1905), 71–74.Google Scholar

104. AHMP, Berger, Book I, 90. On the importance of this club, see Monika Glettler, “The Acculturation of Czechs in Vienna,” in Hoerder, ed., Lahor Migration, 302-4.

105. AHMP, Berger, Book I, 90.

106. Ibid., 114-15. On this incident, see Galandauer, Bohumír Šmeral, 168.

107. AHMP, Berger, Book I, 141.

108. Ibid., 55.

109. Ibid., 138. On the rally itself, see Nolte, Claire E., The Sokol in the Czech Lands to 1914 (New York, 2002), chap. 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

110. Maderthaner, “Die Entstehung,” 65-72.

111. On nationalism's narrative dimension and emotional appeal, see Hogan, Patrick Colm, Understanding Nationalism: On Narrative, Cognitive Science, and Identity (Columbus, 2009), 168;Google Scholar Wingfield, Flag Wars, 15; and Macura, Vladimír, Znamení Zrodu: České obrození jako kulturní typ, 2d ed. (Prague, 1995).Google Scholar

112. Antonio Gramsci's term organic intellectual denotes an intellectual tied to the interests of his/her class-especially significant for working-class revolutionary politics. See Forgacs, David, ed., A Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings, 1916-1935 (London, 1988), 300–311;Google Scholar and Joll, James, Antonio Gramsci (New York, 1977), 120–23.Google Scholar