I am grateful to Roger Petersen, Jeff rey Isaac, Edith Klein, Yoanna Terziyska, Harriet Murav, and anonymous reviewers for their comments on the previous versions of this article. The intellectual stimulus came from early conversations with Saud Arnautović and Marsaili Fraser, and numerous exchanges with Ziran Oklopčić. I am indebted to all three, though the article's shortcomings are my own. Research for this paper was made possible by the generous support of Memorial University.

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35. Šefi k Džaferović (SDA), interview, Sarajevo, June 3, 2013. Mr. Džaferović noted that SDA considers the question of central state organization more easily solvable than the issue of territorial reconstitution. Thus, his party does not wish to slow down reforms related to the former at the expense of the latter.

36. Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies; Elkins and Sides, “Can Institutions Build Unity, 693–708.”

37. Legislative majoritarianism at the centre is fully compatible with veto power over constitutional change.

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51. Ibid., 71.

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56. SDP, “Program,” 18; SDA, “Programska Deklaracija,” 5; SBiH, “Program Stranke,” 25.

57. SBB, “Programska Deklaracija,” 49; SDP, “Program,” 17; SDP, “Programska Deklaracija,” 4; SBiH, “Program Stranke,” 25.

58. IPSOS Strategic Marketing, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-Building in West Balkan States: Intents and Results (Bosnia and Herzegovina) at http://www.hf.uio.no/ilos/english/research/projects/nation-w-balkan/ (last accessed October 10, 2016), 44.

59. Soberg, “The Quest for Institutional Reform,” 729–30.

60. Though SDA also started to play up the language of civic nationalism since the late 1990s ( Babuna, Aydin, “National Identity, Islam and Politics in Post-Communist Bosnia-Hercegovina,” East European Quarterly 39, no. 4 (2005): 405–48, 425Google Scholar).

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89. SDS, “Program,” 4.

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91. See notably Nenad Kecmanović, Nemoguća država: Bosna i Hercegovina (Beograd, 2007), 61.

92. This intuition was confi rmed by two Bosnian Serb politicians interviewed by the author. Interview with Lazar Prodanović (SNSD), Banja Luka, June 14, 2013; interview with Mladen Ivanić (PDP), Sarajevo, June 4, 2013.

93. SDS, “Program,” 22.

94. Hrvatska demokratska zajednica BiH (HDZ BiH), “Program Hrvatske Demokratske Zajednice Bosne i Hercegovine,” at http://hdzbih.org/sites/default/files/dokumenti/statut_program_programska_deklaracija_51459_0.pdf (last accessed October 10, 2016), 8; Hrvatska demokratska zajednica 1990 (HDZ 1990), “Programska Deklaracija,” at http://www.hdz1990.org/?page_id=1035 (last accessed October 10, 2016).

95. Mato Franjičević (HDZ BiH), interview, Sarajevo, May 22, 2013; Božo Ljubić (HDZ 1990), interview, Sarajevo, June 5, 2013.

96. Ibid.

97. Burg and Shoup, The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 65–66. The division ran within the HDZ itself.

98. Grandits, “The Power of ‘Armchair Politicians,’ “ 114–116.

99. Soberg, “The Quest for Institutional Reform,” 730.

100. Božo Ljubić (HDZ 1990), interview, Sarajevo, June 5, 2013.

101. HDZ BiH, “Program,” 5; HDZ 1990, “Programska Deklaracija.”

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104. Ibid.

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106. Božo Ljubić (HDZ 1990), interview, Sarajevo, June 5, 2013.

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108. Božo Ljubić (HDZ 1990), Sarajevo, June 5, 2013.

109. Mato Franjičević (HDZ BiH), Sarajevo, May 22, 2013.

110. Božo Ljubić (HDZ 1990), interview, Sarajevo, June 5, 2013.

111. Mato Franjičević (HDZ BiH), interview, Sarajevo, May 22, 2013.

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128. Ibid., 183–84.

129. Basta, “The State as a Symbol.” The article responds to claims that subdividing major ethnic groups into two or more territorial units might defuse inter-group conflict.

130. Loizides, Neophytos. Designing Peace: Cyprus and Institutional Innovations in Divided Societies (Philadelphia, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

131. In his undervalued contribution to this debate, Nettl distinguishes the continental European idea of the state from that in the Anglo-Saxon world, and places its roots in the French, and subsequently German, political experience. Nettl, J. P., “The State as a Conceptual Variable,” World Politics 20, no. 4(1968): 559–92, here 567CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

132. Young, Crawford, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (New Haven, 1997), 243 Google Scholar.

133. Brass, Paul R., The Politics of India since Independence, 2nd edition (Cambridge, 1994), 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar