Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:08:37.649Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Developmental arrest: from sea urchins to seeds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2007

Steven Footitt
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, 302 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
Marc Alan Cohn*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, 302 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
*
*Corresponding author Tel: 225 578 1464 Fax: 225 578 1415 Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The phenomenon of dormancy extends beyond the boundaries of the plant kingdom. While plant biologists typically associate dormancy-breaking treatments only with seeds, buds or tubers, these chemicals and environmental stimuli have much broader activity as general terminators of developmental arrest in other, non-plant species. The activation of growth by these treatments is associated with signal transduction processes, metabolic upregulation and changes in gene expression, in addition to other events that may or may not be species specific. The study of both the classic and current developmental arrest literature beyond the boundaries of plant biology may be helpful in generating useful ideas and analogies for meaningful experimental progress towards understanding seed dormancy.

Type
Research Perspective
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aalen, R.B. (1999) Peroxiredoxin antioxidants in seed physiology. Seed Science Research 9, 285295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abeles, F.B. (1986) Role of ethylene in Lactuca sativa cv ‘Grand Rapids’ seed germination. Plant Physiology 81, 780787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adkins, S.W. and Ross, J.D. (1983) Adenosine triphosphate and adenylate energy charge in relation to dormancy of wild oat seeds. Canadian Journal of Botany 61, 33493354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adkins, S.W., Naylor, J.M. and Simpson, G.M. (1984a) The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatua. V. Action of ethanol and other organic compounds. Physiologia Plantarum 62, 1824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adkins, S.W., Simpson, G.M. and Naylor, J.M. (1984b) The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatua. III. Action of nitrogenous compounds. Physiologia Plantarum 60, 227233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adkins, S.W., Simpson, G.M. and Naylor, J.M. (1985) The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatua. VII. Action of organic acids and pH. Physiologia Plantarum 65, 310316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarado, V., Nonogaki, H. and Bradford, K.J. (2000) Expression of endo-β-mannanase and SNF-related protein kinase genes in true potato seeds in relation to dormancy, gibberellin and abscisic acid. pp. 347364in Viémont, J.-D.Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behaviour to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwood, W.M. (1914) A physiological study of the germination of Avena fatua. Botanical Gazette 17, 386414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belmans, D.L., Van Laere, A.J. and Van Assche, J.A. (1983) Effect of n-alcohols and high pressure on the heat activation of Neurospora tetrasperma ascospores. Archives of Microbiology 134, 4951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bewley, J.D. (1997) Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell 9, 10551066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. (1982) Physiology and biochemistry of seeds in relation to germination. Vol. 2. Viability, dormancy and environmental control. New York, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. (1994) Seeds. Physiology of development and germination (2nd edition). New York, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bingham, A.K. and Meyer, E.A. (1979) Giardia excystation can be induced in vitro in acidic solutions. Nature 277, 301302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botha, F.C. and Small, J.G.C. (1987) Comparison of the activities and some properties of pyrophosphate and ATP dependent fructose-6-phosphate 1- phosphotransferases of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds. Plant Physiology 83, 772777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botha, F.C., Potgieter, G.P. and Botha, A.-M. (1992) Respiratory metabolism and gene expression during seed germination. Plant Growth Regulation 11, 211224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, K.J., Chen, F., Cooley, M.B., Dahal, P., Downie, B., Fukunaga, K.K., Gee, O.H., Gurusinghe, S., Mella, R.A., Nonogaki, H., Wu, C-T., Yang, H. and Kim, K-O. (2000) Gene expression prior to radicle emergence in imbibed tomato seeds. pp. 231251in Black, M.Bradford, K.J.Vázquez-Ramos, J.(Eds) Seed biology. Advances and applications. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.E. and McGuinness, G. (1992) Microbes on barley grains. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 98, 249255.Google Scholar
Brooks, C.A., Yu, K.S. and Mitchell, C.A. (1985) Salicylhydroxamic acid potentiates germination of ‘Waldmann's Green’ lettuce seed. Plant Physiology 79, 386388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, S.P.J. and Storey, K.B. (1997) Glycolytic controls in estivation and anoxia: a comparison of metabolic arrest in land and marine molluscs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 118A, 11031114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busa, W.B. and Nuccitelli, R. (1984) Metabolic regulation via intracellular pH. American Journal of Physiology 246, R409R438.Google ScholarPubMed
Cáceres, C.E. (1997) Dormancy in invertebrates. Invertebrate Biology 116, 371383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, A.L.P. and De Villiers, O.T. (1986) Breaking dormancy of Avena fatua L. seed by treatment with ammonia. Weed Research 26, 191197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charbonneau, M. and Grandin, N. (1989) The egg of Xenopus laevis: a model system for studying cell activation. Cell Differentiation and Development 28, 7194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.F. (1898) Electrolytic dissociation and toxic effect. Journal of Physical Chemistry 3, 263316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clegg, J.S., Drinkwater, L.E. and Sorgeloos, P. (1996) The metabolic status of diapause embryos of Artemia franciscana (SFB). Physiological Zoology 69, 4966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. (1987) Mechanisms of physiological seed dormancy. pp. 1420in Frasier, G.W.Evans, R.A. (Eds) Seed and seedbed ecology of rangeland plants. Washington DC, USDA-ARS.Google Scholar
Cohn, M.A. (1989) Factors influencing the efficacy of dormancy-breaking chemicals. pp. 261267in Taylorson, R.B. (Ed.) Recent advances in the development and germination of seeds. New York, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. (1996 a) Chemical mechanisms of breaking seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 6, 9599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. (1996b) Operational and philosophical decisions in seed dormancy research. Seed Science Research 6, 147153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. (1997) QSAR modelling of dormancy-breaking chemicals. pp. 289295in Ellis, R.H.Black, M.Murdoch, A.J.Hong, T.D. (Eds) Basic and applied aspects of seed biology. Dordrecht, Kluewer Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. and Castle, L. (1984) Dormancy in red rice. IV. Response of unimbibed and imbibing seeds to nitrogen dioxide. Physiologia Plantarum 60, 552556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. and Footitt, S. (1993) Initial signal transduction steps during the dormancy-breaking process. pp. 599605in Côme, D.Corbineau, F.(Eds) Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on seeds: basic and applied aspects of seed biology. Volume 2. Paris, ASFIS.Google Scholar
Cohn, M.A. and Hilhorst, H.W.M. (2000) Alcohols that break seed dormancy: The anaesthetic hypothesis, dead or alive? pp. 259274in Viémont, J.-D.Crabbé, J. (Eds) Dormancy in plants. From whole plant behaviour to cellular control. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A. and Hughes, J.A. (1986) Seed dormancy in red rice. V. Response to azide, hydroxylamine, and cyanide. Plant Physiology 80, 531533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A., Butera, D.L. and Hughes, J.A. (1983) Seed dormancy in red rice. III. Response to nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium ions. Plant Physiology 73, 381384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, M.A., Chiles, L.A., Hughes, J.A. and Boullion, K.J. (1987) Seed dormancy in red rice. VI. Monocarboxylic acids: a new class of pH-dependent germination stimulants. Plant Physiology 84, 716719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, M.A., Jones, K.L., Chiles, L.A. and Church, D.F. (1989) Seed dormancy in red rice. VII. Structure-activity studies of germination stimulants. Plant Physiology 89, 879882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, M.A., Church, D.F., Ranken, J. and Sanchez, V. (1991) Hydroxyl group position governs activity of dormancy-breaking chemicals. Plant Physiology 96, S63.Google Scholar
Côme, D., Corbineau, F. and Lecat, S. (1988) Some aspects of metabolic regulation of cereal seed germination and dormancy. Seed Science and Technology 16, 175186.Google Scholar
Corbineau, F., Gouble, B., Lecat, S. and Côme, D. (1991) Stimulation of germination of dormant oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds by ethanol and other alcohols. Seed Science Research 1, 2128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Datta, T. (1979) Effect of organic and inorganic compounds and carbon dioxide in the excystment of soil amoebae. Archiv für Protistenkunde 121, 155161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dedonder, A., Rethy, R., Fredericq, H. and De Greef, J.A. (1992) Phytochrome-mediated changes in the ATP content of Kalanchoë blossfeldiana seeds. Plant Cell and Environment 15, 479484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Greef, J.A., Fredericq, H., Rethy, R., Dedonder, A., De Petter, E. and Van Wiemeersch, L. (1989) Factors eliciting the germination of photoblastic Kalanchoë seeds. pp. 241260in Taylorson, R.B. (Ed.) Recent advances in the development and germination of seeds. London, Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denlinger, D.L., Campbell, J.J. and Bradfield, J.Y. (1980) Stimulatory effect of organic solvents on initiating development in diapausing pupae of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Physiological Entomology 5, 715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drinkwater, L.E. and Crowe, J.H. (1987) Regulation of embryonic diapause in Artemia: Environmental and physiological signals. Journal of Experimental Zoology 241, 297307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, W.E. (1993) Dormancy-associated embryonic mRNAs and proteins in imbibing Avena fatua caryopses. Physiologia Plantarum 88, 201211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckerson, S. (1913) A physiological and chemical study of after-ripening. Botanical Gazette 55, 286299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epel, D. (1989) Arousal of activity in sea urchin eggs at fertilization. pp. 361385in Schatten, H.Schatten, G. (Eds) The cell biology of fertilization. San Diego, AcademicPress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epel, D. (1990) The initiation of development at fertilization. Cell Differentiation and Development 29, 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esashi, Y., Kusuyama, K., Tazaki, S. and Ishihara, N. (1981a) Necessity of a balance between CN-sensitive and CN-resistant respirations for germination of cocklebur seeds. Plant and Cell Physiology 22, 6571.Google Scholar
Esashi, Y., Sakai, Y. and Ushizawa, R. (1981b) Cyanidesensitive and cyanide-resistant respiration in the germination of cocklebur seeds. Plant Physiology 67, 503508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, O., Huault, C., Pavis, N. and Billard, J.P. (1994) Dormancy breakage of Hordeum vulgare seeds: effects of hydrogen peroxide and scarification on glutathione level and glutathione reductase activity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 32, 677683.Google Scholar
Footitt, S. and Cohn, M.A. (1992) Seed dormancy in red rice. VIII. Embryo acidification during dormancybreaking and subsequent germination. Plant Physiology 100, 11961202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Footitt, S. and Cohn, M.A. (1995) Seed dormancy in red rice. IX. Embryo fructose 2,6-bisphosphate during dormancy-breaking and subsequent germination. Plant Physiology 107, 13651370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Footitt, S., Vargas, D. and Cohn, M.A. (1995) Seed dormancy in red rice. X. A 13C NMR study of the metabolism of dormancy-breaking chemicals. Physiologia Plantarum 94, 667671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, G. and Ridgway, E.B. (1993) The role of intracellular calcium and pH during fertilization and egg activation in the hydrozoan Phialidium. Developmental Biology 156, 176190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, R.C. (1984) Stimulation of uredospore germination of Puccinia helianthi and Uromyces vignae by aromatic nitriles and related flavorlike compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 32, 556561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, R.C. and Leather, G.R. (1979) Screening of nonanal and related volatile flavor compounds on the germination of 18 species of weed seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27, 828832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, R.C., Kujawski, P.T. and Leather, G.R. (1986) Effect of various flavor-related compounds on germination of curly dock seed (Rumex crispus) and curly dock rust (Uromyces rumicis). Weed Science 34, 398402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garciarrubio, A., Legaria, J.P. and Covarrubias, A.A. (1997) Abscisic acid inhibits germination of mature Arabidopsis seeds by limiting the availability of energy and nutrients. Planta 203, 182187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gehring, C.A., Irving, H.R. and Parish, R.W. (1990) Effects of auxin and abscisic acid on cytosolic calcium and pH in plant cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87, 96459649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gendraud, M. and Lafleuriel, J. (1983) Caractéristiques de l'absorption du saccharose et du tétraphénylphosphonium par les parenchymes de tubercules de Topinambour, dormants et non dormants, cultivés invitro. Physiologie Vegetale 21, 11251133.Google Scholar
Goldmark, P.J., Curry, J., Morris, C.F. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1992) Cloning and expression of an embryospecific mRNA up-regulated in hydrated dormant seeds. Plant Molecular Biology 19, 433441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Cadenas, A., Verhey, S.D., Holappa, L.D., Shen, Q., Ho, T-H.D. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1999) An abscisic acid-induced protein kinase, PKABA1, mediates abscisic acid-suppressed gene expression in barley aleurone layers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96, 17671772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, M.C. and Stephano, J.L. (1993) Nuclear and cytoplasmic pH increase at fertilization in Urechis caupo. Developmental Biology 159, 608617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grainger, J.L., Winkler, M.M., Shen, S.S. and Steinhardt, R.A. (1979) Intracellular pH controls protein synthesis rate in the sea urchin egg and early embryo. Developmental Biology 68, 396406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guppy, M. and Withers, P. (1999) Metabolic depression in animals: physiological perspectives and biochemical generalizations. Biological Review 74, 140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guppy, M., Fuery, C.J. and Flanigan, J.E. (1994) Biochemical principals of metabolic depression. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 109B, 175189.Google Scholar
Hance, B.A. and Bevington, J.M. (1992) Changes in protein synthesis during stratification and dormancy release in embryos of sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Physiologia Plantarum 86, 365371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hand, S.C. (1991) Metabolic dormancy in aquatic invertebrates. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 8, 150.Google Scholar
Hand, S.C. and Gnaiger, E. (1988) Anaerobic dormancy quantified in Artemia embryos: a calorimetric test of the control mechanism. Science 239, 14251427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hand, S.C. and Hardewig, I. (1996) Downregulation of cellular metabolism during environmental stress: mechanisms and implications. Annual Review of Physiology 58, 539563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hand, S.C. and Podrabsky, J.E. (2000) Bioenergetics of diapause and quiescence in aquatic animals. Thermochimica Acta 349, 3142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, D. (1951) Initiation of cell division in the arbacia egg by injury substances. Physiological Zoology 24, 5469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hareland, G.A. and Madson, M.A. (1989) Barley dormancy and fatty acid composition of lipids isolated from freshly harvested and stored kernels. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 95, 437442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G.E., Mattick, L.R., Nash, G. and Nedrow, B.L. (1980) Stimulation of fungal spore germination and inhibition of sporulation in fungal vegetative thalli by fatty acids and their volatile peroxidation products. Canadian Journal of Botany 58, 15411547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, E.N. (1911) Studies on the permeability of cells. Journal of Experimental Zoology 10, 507556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimovaara-Dijkstra, S., Mundy, J. and Wang, M. (1995) The effect of intracellular pH on the regulation of the Rab 16A and the α-amylase 1/6–4 promoter by abscisic acid and gibberellin. Plant Molecular Biology 27, 815820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendricks, S.B. and Taylorson, R.B. (1974) Promotion of seed germination by nitrate, nitrite, hydroxylamine, and ammonium salts. Plant Physiology 54, 304309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henis, Y. (1987) Survival and dormancy of microorganisms. New York, John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hervé, M., Goudeau, M., Neumann, J.M., Debouzy, J.C. and Goudeau, H. (1989) Measurement of an intracellular pH rise after fertilization in crab eggs using 31P-NMR. European Biophysics Journal 17, 191199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1995) A critical update on seed dormancy. I. Primary dormancy. Seed Science Research 5, 6173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilhorst, H.W.M. (1998) The regulation of secondary dormancy. The membrane hypothesis revisited. Seed Science Research 8, 7790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiroe, M. and Inoh, S. (1954) Artificial parthenogenesis in Sargassum piluliferum C. AG. Botanical Magazine 67, 271274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochachka, P.W. and Guppy, M. (1987) Metabolic arrest and the control of biological time. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoecker, U., Vasil, I.K. and McCarty, D.R. (1995) Integrated control of seed maturation and germination programs by activator and repressor functions of Viviparous-1 of maize. Genes and Development 9, 24592469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holdsworth, M., Kurup, S. and McKibbin, R. (1999) Molecular and genetic mechanisms regulating the transition from embryo development to germination. Trends in Plant Science 4, 275280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ii, I. and Rebhun, L.I. (1982) Release of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from cortex of Spisula eggs at fertilization and its recombination after meiosis. Developmental Biology 91, 171182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isfort, R.J., Cody, D.B., Asquith, T.N., Ridder, G.M., Stuard, S.B. and Leboeuf, R.A. (1993) Induction of protein phosphorylation, protein synthesis, immediateearly- gene expression and cellular proliferation by intracellular pH modulation. Implications for the role of hydrogen ions in signal transduction. European Journal of Biochemistry 213, 349357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isfort, R.J., Stuard, S.B., Cody, D.B., Ridder, G.M. and Leboeuf, R.A. (1995) Modulation of the platelet-derivedgrowth- factor-induced calcium signal by extracellular/intracellular pH in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Implication for the role of calcium in mitogenicsignaling. European Journal of Biochemistry 234, 801810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isono, N. (1963) Carbohydrate metabolism in sea urchin eggs IV. Intracellular localization of enzymes of pentose phosphate cycle in unfertilized and fertilized eggs. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Tokyo, Section IV 10, 3753.Google Scholar
Isono, N., Tsusaka, A. and Nakano, E. (1963) Studies on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in sea urchin eggs I. Journal of the Faculty of Science of the University of Tokyo, Section IV 10, 5566.Google Scholar
Jeffries, W.B. (1956) Studies on excystment in the hypotrichous ciliate Pleurotricha lanceolata. Journal of Protozoology 3, 136144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffries, W.B. (1962) Studies on specific chemicals as excysting agents for Pleurotricha lanceolata. Journal of Protozoology 4, 375376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, J.B., Nyberg, P.A., Burton, S.D. and Jolley, W.R. (1976) The effects of selected gases on excystation of coccidian oocysts. Journal of Parasitology 62, 195198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J.D., Epel, D. and Paul, M. (1976) Intracellular pH and activation of sea urchin eggs after fertilisation. Nature 262, 661664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R.R., Cranston, H.J., Chaverra, M.E. and Dyer, W.E. (1995) Characterization of cDNA clones for differentially expressed genes in embryos of dormant and nondormant Avena fatua L. caryopses. Plant Molecular Biology 28, 113122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, H.A. (1920) Physiological study of maple seeds. Botanical Gazette 69, 127152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, H.D., Peters, N.C.B. and Holdsworth, M.J. (1997) Genotype and environment interact to control dormancy and differential expression of the VIVIPAROUS 1 homologue in embryos of Avena fatua. Plant Journal 12, 911920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, H.D., Kurup, S., Peters, N.C.B. and Holdsworth, M.J. (2000) Identification and analysis of proteins that interact with the Avena fatua homologue of the maize transcription factor VIVIPAROUS 1. Plant Journal 21, 133142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungreis, A.M. (1978) Insect dormancy. pp. 47112 in Clutter, M.E. (Ed.) Dormancy and developmental arrest. London, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirillova, I.P., Agre, N.S. and Kalakutskii, L.V. (1974) Control of the emergence of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris endospores from dormancy. Microbiology 43, 894898.Google Scholar
Koornneef, M., Leon-Kloosterziel, K.M., Schwartz, S.H. and Zeevaart, J.A.D. (1998) The genetic and molecular dissection of abscisic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 36, 8389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowalczyk, S. (1989) Rapid oscillation of fructose 2,6- bisphosphate levels in plant storage tissues as a result of resumption of metabolic activity. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 184, 371376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larondelle, Y., Corbineau, F., Dethier, M., Côme, D.and Hers, H.G. (1987) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in germinating oat seeds. A biochemical study of seed dormancy. European Journal of Biochemistry 166, 605610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leather, G.R., Sung, S.J. and Hale, M.G. (1992) The wounding response of dormant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) seeds. Weed Science 40, 200203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenoir, C., Corbineau, F. and Côme, D. (1986) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) seed dormancy as related to glumella characteristics. Physiologia Plantarum 68, 301307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LePage-Degivry, M.T. and Garello, G. (1992) In situ abscisic acid synthesis. A requirement for induction of embryo dormancy in Helianthus annuus. Plant Physiology 98, 13861390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinson, H.S. and Sevag, M.G. (1953) Stimulation of germination and respiration of the spores of Bacillus megaterium by manganese and monovalent anions. Journal of General Physiology 36, 617629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, B. and Foley, M.E. (1995) Cloning and characterization of differentially expressed genes in imbibed dormant and afterripened Avena fatua embryos. Plant Molecular Biology 29, 823831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, B. and Foley, M.E. (1996) Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of dormancy-associated gene expression by afterripening in wild oat. Plant Physiology 110, 12671273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lillie, R.S. (1910) Physiology of cell-division. II. The action of isotonic solutions of neutral salts on unfertilized eggs of asterias and arbacia. American Journal of Physiology 26, 106133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lillie, R.S. (1913) The physiology of cell division. V. Substitution of anesthetics for hypertonic sea-water and cyanide in artificial parthenogenesis in starfish eggs. Journal of Experimental Zoology 15, 2347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lillie, R.S. (1926) The activation of starfish eggs by acids. Journal of General Physiology 8, 339367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lillie, R.S. (1927) The activation of starfish eggs by acids. II. The action of substituted benzoic acids and of benzoic and salicylic acids as influenced by their salts. Journal of General Physiology 10, 703723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeb, J. (1913) Artificial parthenogenesis and fertilization. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Loomis, S.H., Hand, S.C. and Fell, P.E. (1996) Metabolism of gemmules from the freshwater sponge Eunapius fragilis during diapause and post-diapause states. Biological Bulletin 191, 385392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyon, E.P. (1903) Experiments in artificial parthenogenesis.American Journal of Physiology 9, 308318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Major, W. and Roberts, E.H. (1968) Dormancy in cereals. I. The effects of oxygen and respiratory inhibitors. Journal of Experimental Botany 19, 7789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumori, K., Izumi, S. and Watanabe, H. (1989) Hormone-like action of 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol from Botrytis cinerea on the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 53, 17771781.Google Scholar
Mayer, A.M. and Evenari, M. (1953) The activity of organic cids as germination inhibitors and its relation to pH. Journal of Experimental Botany 4, 257263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, D.R. (1995) Genetic control and integration of maturation and germination pathways in seed development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 46, 7193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mertens, E. (1991) Pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase, an anaerobic glycolytic enzyme? FEBS Letters 285, 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertens, E., Larondelle, Y. and Hers, H.G. (1990) Induction of pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate 1- phosphotransferase by anoxia in rice seedlings. Plant Physiology 93, 584587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, B.S. and Epel, D. (1999) The roles of changes in NADPH and pH during fertilization and artificial activation of the sea urchin egg. Developmental Biology 216, 394405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorhead, G.B.G. and Plaxton, W.C. (1988) Binding of glycolytic enzymes to a particulate fraction in carrot and sugar beet storage roots. Dependence on metabolic state. Plant Physiology 86, 348351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, C.F., Anderberg, R.J., Goldmark, P.J. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1991) Molecular cloning and expression of abscisic acid-responsive genes in embryos of dormant wheat seeds. Plant Physiology 95, 814821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, S.P., Foley, M.E. and Nichols, M.B. (1997) Developmental differences between germinating afterripened and dormant excised Avena fatua L. embryos. Annals of Botany 79, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuccitelli, R., Webb, D.J., Lagier, S.T. and Matson, G.B. (1981) 31P-NMR reveals increased intracellular pH after fertilization in Xenopus eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 78, 44214425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nyberg, P.A., Bauer, D.H. and Knapp, S.E. (1968) Carbon dioxide as the initial stimulus for excystation of Eimeria tenella oocysts. Journal of Protozoology 15, 144148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohta, A. (1988) Effects of butyric acid and related compounds on basidiospore germination of some mycorrhizal fungi. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 29, 375381.Google Scholar
Overton, C.E. (1901) Studien über die narkose. G Fischer, Jena. in Lipnick, R.L. (Ed.) Translated as Studies of narcosis. Charles Ernest Overton. (1991). New York, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Overton, J.B. (1913) Artificial parthenogenesis in fucus. Science 37, 841844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pack, D.A. (1921) After-ripening and germination of Juniperus seeds. Botanical Gazette 71, 3260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paek, N.C., Lee, B.-M., Bai, D.G. and Smith, J.D. (1998) Inhibition of germination gene expression by Viviparous-1 and ABA during maize kernal development. Molecules and Cells 8, 336342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palevitch, D. and Thomas, T.H. (1976) Enhancement by low pH of gibberellin effects on dormant celery seeds and embryoless half-seeds of barley. Physiologia Plantarum 37, 247252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepper, J.H. (1937) Breaking the dormancy in the sugar-beet webworm L. sticticalis L., by means of chemicals. Journal of Economic Entomology 30, 380.Google Scholar
Petronijevic, T. and Rogers, W.P. (1987a) Undissociated bases as the stimulus for the development of early parasitic stages of nematodes. International Journal of Parasitology 17, 911915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petronijevic, T. and Rogers, W.P. (1987b) The physiology of infection with nematodes: The role of intracellular pH in the development of the early parasitic stage. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 88A, 207212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petronijevic, T., Rogers, W.P. and Sommerville, R.I. (1986) Organic and inorganic acids as the stimulus for exsheathment of infective juveniles of nematodes. International Journal of Parasitology 16, 163168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, R.A. and Douthit, H.A. (1988) Functional relationships between L- and D-alanine, inosine, and NH4Cl during germination of spores of Bacillus cereus T. Journal of General Microbiology 134, 30013010.Google ScholarPubMed
Rees, B.B., Swezey, R.R., Kibak, H. and Epel, D. (1996) Regulation of the pentose shunt pathway at fertilization in sea urchin eggs. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 30, 123134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfree, M.B. (1978) Embryonic diapause in mammals – a developmental strategy. pp. 146in Clutter, M.E. (Ed.) Dormancy and developmental arrest. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ritchie, S., Swanson, S.J. and Gilroy, S. (2000) Physiology of the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm during grain development and early seedling growth: new insights from cell and molecular biology. Seed Science Research 10, 193212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, E.H. and Smith, R.D. (1977) Dormancy and the pentose phosphate pathway. pp. 385408in Khan, A. (Ed.) The physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination. Amsterdam, Elsevier/NorthHolland.Google Scholar
Rode, L.J. and Foster, J.W. (1961) Physiological and chemical germination of spores of Bacillus megaterium. Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 1, 307322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rode, L.J. and Foster, J.W. (1965) Gaseous hydrocarbons and the germination of bacterial spores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 53, 3138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, R.C. (1919) After-ripening and germination of seeds of Tilia, Sambuca, and Rubus. Botanical Gazette 67, 281308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaefer, F.W., Rice, E.W. and Hoff, J.C. (1984) Factors promoting in vitro excystation of Giardia muris cysts. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78, 795800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schonbeck, M.W. and Egley, G.H. (1980) Effects of temperature, water potential, and light on germination responses of redroot pigweed seeds to ethylene. Plant Physiology 65, 11491154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibilia, C. (1930) La germinazione delle teleutospore di Puccinia graminis e P. triticina. Bollettino della Regia Stazione di Patalogia Vegetale 10, 164190.Google Scholar
Simpson, G.M. (1990) Seed dormancy in grasses. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slifer, E.H. (1946) The effects of xylol and other solvents on diapause in the grasshopper egg; together with a possible explanation for the action of these agents. Journal of Experimental Zoology 102, 333356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stitt, M. (1990) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate as a regulatory molecule in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 41, 153185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussex, I.M. (1978) Dormancy and development. pp. 297301in Clutter, M.E. (Ed.) Dormancy and developmental arrest. London, Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussman, A.S. and Halvorson, H.O. (1966) Spores, their dormancy and germination. New York, Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Swezey, R.R. and Epel, D. (1986) Regulation of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase activity in sea urchin eggs by reversible association with cell structural elements. Journal of Cell Biology 103, 15091515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swezey, R.R. and Epel, D. (1995) The in vivo rate of glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in sea urchin eggs determined with a photolabile caged substrate. Developmental Biology 169, 733744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylorson, R.B. (1979) Response of weed seeds to ethylene and related hydrocarbons. Weed Science 27, 710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R.B. (1980) Aspects of seed dormancy in fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum). Weed Science 28, 6467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R.B. (1984) Prevention of action of far-redabsorbing phytochrome in Rumex crispus L. seeds by ethanol. Plant Physiology 74, 223226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R.B. (1988) Anaesthetic enhancement of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. seed germination: possible membrane involvement. Journal of Experimental Botany 39, 5058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R.B. (1989) Response of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and witchgrass (Panicum capillare) seeds to anesthetics. Weed Science 37, 9397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R.B. and Hendricks, S.B. (1979) Overcoming dormancy in seeds with ethanol and other anesthetics. Planta 145, 507510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylorson, R.B. and Hendricks, S.B. (1980/1981) Anesthetic release of seed dormancy – an overview. Israel Journal of Botany 29, 273280.Google Scholar
Thevelein, J.M., Van Assche, J.A., Carlie, A.R. and Heremans, K. (1979) Heat activation of Phycomyces blakesleeanus spores: thermodynamics and effect of alcohols, furfural, and high pressure. Journal of Bacteriology 139, 478485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thevelein, J.M., Van Assche, J.A. and Carlier, A.R. (1983) Isopropyl-substituted phenols have a different effect from other phenols on the breaking of dormancy by heat shock in Phycomyces blakesleeanus spores. Journal of General Microbiology 129, 727733.Google Scholar
Toole, V.K. and Cathey, H.M. (1961) Responses to gibberellin of light-requiring seeds of lettuce and Lepidium virginicum. Plant Physiology 36, 663671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tseng, S. (1964) Breaking dormancy of rice seed with carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association 29, 445450.Google Scholar
Van Beckum, J.M.M., Libbenga, K.R. and Wang, M. (1993) Abscisic acid and gibberellic acid-regulated responses of embryos and aleurone layers isolated from dormant and nondormant barley grains. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 483489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Veen, R., Heimovaara-Dijkstra, S. and Wang, M. (1992) Cytosolic alkalinization mediated by abscisic acid is necessary, but not sufficient, for abscisic acid-induced gene expression in barley aleurone protoplasts. Plant Physiology 100, 699705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Laere, A., Van Schaftingen, E. and Hers, H.G. (1983) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and germination of fungal spores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 80, 66016605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Mulders, R.M., Van Laere, A.J. and Verbeke, M.N. (1986) Effects of pH and cations on the germination induction of Phycomyces spores with carboxylic acids. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 181, 103115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Schaftingen, E. (1987) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology 59, 315395.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Schaftingen, E. and Hers, H.G. (1983) Fructose 2,6- bisphosphate in relation with the resumption of metabolic activity in slices of Jerusalem artichoke tubers. FEBS Letters 164, 195200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadsworth, W.G. and Riddle, D.L. (1988) Acidic intracellular pH shift during Caenorhabditis elegans larval development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 85, 84358438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1998) Protein kinases in seeds. Seed Science Research 8, 193200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker-Simmons, M.K. (2000) Recent advances in ABAregulated gene expression in cereal seeds: Evidence for regulation by PKABA1 protein kinase. pp. 271276in Black, M.Bradford, K.J.Vázquez-Ramos, J. (Eds) Seed biology. Advances and applications. Wallingford, CABI Publishing.Google Scholar
Whitaker, M.J. and Steinhardt, R.A. (1982) Ionic regulation of egg activation. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 15, 593666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zagorski, S. and Lewak, S. (1984) Are effects of gibberellic and abscisic acids on lettuce seed germination pHdependent? Acta Physiologia Plantarum 6, 2732.Google Scholar