Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T00:13:12.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Universal Salvation and a Soteriology of Divine Punishment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 January 2009

Morwenna Ludlow
Affiliation:
St John's College, Oxford 0X1 3JP

Extract

Critics of the idea of universal salvation have frequently raised issues such as biblical evidence, human free will, and divine justice; however, somewhat less attention has been paid to the problems surrounding the concept of punishment used by some universalists. Since most universalists recognise the obvious objection that many (if not most) people appear not to be in a position in this life to be saved, there have been various suggestions as to how salvation can occur after the death of the individual. Many have taken the view that a period of post-mortem punishment will cleanse individuals of their sin. In other words, these universalists are not so much denying hell altogether, as denying an eternal hell. Whilst this idea may seem preferable to that of an eternal hell, there are various important theological and philosophical difficulties associated with it.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Scottish Journal of Theology Ltd 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Rust, George (attrib.), A Letter of Resolution Concerning Origen and the chief of his opinions (1661) (published for the Facsimile Text Society, New York: Columbia University Press, 1933). 7273, 76.Google Scholar

2 Ibid., 73.

3 Ibid., 74.

4 Ibid., 75.

5 Ibid., 77.

6 Ibid., 75.

7 Ibid., 78.

8 Ibid., 133.

9 White, , The Restoration of all Things (London: 1712; edn cited: 1779), 117.Google Scholar

10 Ibid., 9–10.

11 Ibid., 9–10 (cf. 12) See also Walker, D. P., The Decline of Hell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), 111 quoting Sterry.Google Scholar

12 White, The Restoration of all Things, 43.Google Scholar

13 Ibid., 130–2; 43–4; 44–5; ch. XXIII (225–38).

14 Ibid., 186.

15 White, , The Restoration of All Things, 102, 103–4; see also 2.Google Scholar

16 Ibid., 3.

17 Ibid., 3.

18 Ibid., 187.

19 Ibid., 188.

20 e.g. Moberly, Walter, The Ethics of Punishment (London: Faber & Faber, 1968), 178185Google Scholar

21 Sterry, Peter, That the State of Wicked Men after this Life is mixt of evill, & good things (unpublished; MS 291, Emmanuel College Library), 100Google Scholar; cited in Almond, Philip C., Heaven and Hell in Enlightenment England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also a similar quotation cited in Walker, The Decline of Hell, 113–14

22 Sterry, , That the State of Wicked Men …, 96.Google Scholar

23 White, , The Restoration of all Things, 3.Google Scholar

24 White, , The Restoration of all Things, 129130, 117, see also 3.Google Scholar

25 Van Helmont, Franciscus Mercurius, Two Hundred Queries Propounded concerning the Doctrine of the Revolution of Humane Souls… (London, 1684), 114115Google Scholar; quoted in Walker, The Decline of Hell, 143; and Almond, Heaven and Hell, 19.

26 See Walker, , The Decline of Hell, 144Google Scholar; citing Van Helmont, , Two Hundred Queries, 123124.Google Scholar

27 Conway, Anne, The Principles of the most Ancient and Modern Philosophy (Latin: 1690; English tr. London, 1692) pages cited from modern edition Lopston, Peter (ed.) (The Hague, 1982) 19Google Scholar; cited in Almond, Heaven and Hell, 22–3.

28 Walker, , The Decline of Hel, 140Google Scholar

29 Conway, , The Principles of the most Ancient and Modem Philosophy, 193Google Scholar, quoted by Almond, , Heaven and Hell, 23Google Scholar; see also Walker, , The Decline of Hell, 139140.Google Scholar

30 Walker, , The Decline of Hell, 139.Google Scholar

31 Gregory of Nyssa, De Hominis Opificio XXl:2. See also Ludlow, M. A., Restoration and Consummation: The Interpretation of Universalistic Eschatology in Gregory of Nyssa and Karl Rahner (D.Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1997) 82.Google Scholar

32 Lead, Jane, The Enochian Walks with God (London: 1694) pages cited from a later edn (Glasgow: J. Thompson, 1891), 54.Google Scholar

33 Ibid., 54, 68.

34 Ibid., 56; see also 108.

35 Ibid., 54, 56.

36 Ibid., 60, 68; see also Walker, , The Decline of Hell, 227.Google Scholar

37 Waterfield, Robin (ed.), Jacob Boehme: Essential Readings (Wellingborough: Crucible books for the Aquarian Press, 1989), Introduction 44–7.Google Scholar

38 Walker, The Decline of Hell, 234, 237 and 239; Moltmann, Jürgen, The Coming of God: Christian Eschatology (London: SCM, 1996), 238.Google Scholar

39 See Walker, , The Decline of Hell, 9 and 225.Google Scholar

40 Gorringe, Timothy, God's Just Vengeance (Cambridge: CUP, 1996), 225 and passim.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

41 White, , The Restoration of all Things, 46.Google Scholar

42 White, , The Restoration of All Things, 45.Google Scholar

43 Rowell, Geoffrey, ‘The origins and history of universalist societies in Britain, 1750–1850’, Journal for Ecclesiastical History, 22 (1971), 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44 Walker, , The Decline of Hell, 168.Google Scholar

45 White, , The Restoration of All Things, 109.Google Scholar

46 Timothy Gorringe, God's Just Vengeance, 26, 154, 217, 229; citing Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977)Google Scholar; Ignatieff, Michael, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750– 1850 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989), 207ff.Google Scholar

47 White, The Restoration of All Things.

48 Ibid., 134.

49 Gorringe, God's Just Vengeance, chapter 10.