^{page 461 note 1} The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God, Vol. II: Essays in Anthropomorphism (London, 1937), p. 1. The same truth was clearly perceived by the Jewish philosophers—cf. Saadia Gaon, Book of Beliefs and Opinions, 11.10, and Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed, 1.26, 46.Google Scholar

^{page 462 note 1} Cf. b. Ber. 6a, b. Hag. 15b, Ex. R. 40.1, and Marmorstein, op. cit., pp. 65–8.

^{page 462 note 2} Porter, F. C., ‘The Yecer Hara: A Study in the Jewish Doctrine of Sin’, Biblical and Semitic Studies by members of Tale University (New York/London, 1901) 98–107Google Scholar, has decisively refuted F. Weber's location of the evil inclination in the body and the good inclination in the soul.

^{page 462 note 3} Cf. Ecclus. 15.14f (Hebrew text), 21.11 (Syriac text), and 37.3 (Greek text).

^{page 462 note 4} Cf. Porter, op. cit., 108–56, Tennant, F. R., The Sources of the Doctrines of the Fall and Original Sin (Cambridge, 1903), 145–247Google Scholar; Schechter, S., Aspects of Rabbinic Theology (London, 1909; reprint New York, 1972), 242–292Google Scholar; Murphy, R. E., ‘Yēser in the Qumran Literature’, Biblica, 39 (1958), 334–344Google Scholar; and Seitz, O. J. F., ‘The Two Spirits in Man’, NTS, VI (1959/1960), 82–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 463 note 1} Cf. Cohon, S., ‘Differences between Jewish and Christian Teaching on Original Sin’, HUCA, XXI (1948), 275–330.Google Scholar

^{page 463 note 2} See the passages cited above from b. B. B. 16a, Kidd, 30b, and also Gen. R. 9.7, 14.7, 27.4, b. Bet. 61a, and Seder Eliahu Zuta ed. M. Friedmann, 2nd ed. (Jerusalem, 1960), p. 193. Further references in Porter, op. cit., 117–23.

^{page 463 note 3} Cf. Hick, John, Evil and the God of Love (London, 1966; reprint, 1974), 68–70Google Scholar; Illtyd Trethowan's criticism of Hick on this point in JTS, N.S. XVIII (1967), 407–16, and Hick's reply to Trethowan in JTS, N.S. XIX (1968), 591–602. When Trethowan says that unfallen man possessed the power to refuse to do what is reasonable (vol. XVIII, 413) he is coming close to the Jewish doctrine of the yetzer hara.

^{page 464 note 1} Pesikta Rabbati 34.2, trans. W. G. Braude (New Haven, 1968), vol. 2, p. 666. cf. also Pes. Rabb. 41.4 and Schechter, op. cit., 280ff.

^{page 465 note 1} Judaism (Cambridge, Mass., 1927), Vol. I, p. 386.Google Scholar

^{page 465 note 2} op. cit., p. 386f.

^{page 465 note 3} Marmorstein, , op. cit., Vol. I: The Names and Attributes of God (London, 1927), 43ff, argues that this rule arose in the mid-second century A.D. Prior to that time Elohim denoted Mercy, Yahweh Justice.Google Scholar

^{page 466 note 1} Cf. Glatzer, N. N., The Dimensions of Job (New York, 1969), 16–24.Google Scholar

^{page 468 note 1} Cf. also b. Meg. 15b, b. Shabb. 55a, and Esth. R. 7.13.

^{page 469 note 1} Many parallels—e.g., Num. R. 9.18, 17.3.

^{page 469 note 2} Cf. also Lev. R. 29.9, b. Yeb. 64a.

^{page 469 note 3} Lauterbach, J. Z., Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmatl (Philadelphia, 1949), Vol. I, p. 103.Google Scholar

^{page 469 note 4} op. cit., I, 392.

^{page 470 note 1} (var. Munich MS b. roma 69b.

^{page 470 note 2} Porter, op. cit., 121ff, Schechter, op. cit., 244ff.

^{page 471 note 1} For further references to the satanic role of the evil yetzer see Porter and Schechter, op. cit.

^{page 471 note 2} As suggested by Stewart, R. A., Rabbinic Theology (Edinburgh and London, 1961), p. 88.Google Scholar

^{page 471 note 3} Contrast also 2 Sam. 24.1 with 1 Chron. 21.1.

^{page 471 note 4} Guide, III. 22.

^{page 472 note 1} Cited from Scholem, G. G., On the Kabbalah and its Symbolism (London, 1965), p. 92.Google Scholar

^{page 473 note 1} Volz, Das Dämonische in Yahwe, p. 7.

^{page 473 note 2} op. cit., p. 14.

^{page 474 note 1} op. cit., p. 23.

^{page 475 note 1} Follow DSS Isa. and translate: ‘I form light and create darkness, I make good and create evil.’ The rendering ‘I make weal and create woe’ (RSV) or ‘author alike of prosperity and evil’ (NEB) tones down the force of the Hebrew text. Even the rabbis found Isa. 45.7 a bit hard to stomach and substituted ‘all things’ for ‘evil’—cf. b. Ber. 11b.