Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 January 2009
Of what are we speaking when we speak of the Holy Spirit? This most fundamental of all the questions asked in the field of Pneumatology has not received an answer widely accepted in the theology of the twentieth century. Karl Barth could write that the ‘Holy Spirit is nothing else than a certain relation of the Word to man’; while to Rudolph Bultmann, the Spirit was ‘the power of futurity,’ and was to be counted among the mythological forms of New Testament speech. Heribert Mühlen, on the other hand, interpreting the Latin pneumatological tradition in terms of the personalism of Ebner and Bubner, calls the Spirit ‘we,’ the unity of T and ‘thou.’ And David Gelpi reflects current feminist concerns when he designates God's Spirit as ‘The Divine Mother,’ the feminine in God. Finally, most recendy, Michael Welker has adopted the language of the natural sciences mediated through process thought and calls the Holy Spirit a ‘force field,’ while Jürgen Moltmann terms God's Spirit ‘the Spirit of Life’; a notion echoed in Mark Wallace's thesis that the Spirit is ‘the power of life-giving breath (r¨ah) within the cosmos who continually works to transform and renew all forms of life—both human and nonhuman.‘
1 Barth, Karl, Dogmatics in Outline (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), p. 138Google Scholar. Cp. idem., CDIV/2, pp. 322f.: [The Holy Spirit] is no other than the presence and action of Jesus Christ Himself: His stretched out arm; He himself in the power of his resurrection, i.e. in the power of His revelation as it begins in and with the power of His resurrection and continues its work from this point.’ See Smail, T. A., ‘The Spirit-Son Relationship. Modern Reductions and New Testament Patterns,’ Irish Biblical Studies 6 (1984), pp. 85–102, 90f.Google Scholar
2 Bultmann, Rudolph, The Theology of the New Testament (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951/1955)Google Scholar, I: 335. Cp. idem. Zur Geschichte der Paulus-Forschung, ThR NF 1 (1929), pp. 29–59. Further, see Schmithals, Walter, An Introduction to the Theology of Rudolph Bultmann (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1968), pp. 259f.Google Scholar
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12 LW31, 53.
13 Ibid.
14 Althaus, Paul, The Theology of Martin Luther, Schultz, Robert C. (trans.) (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1966), p. 182Google Scholar. Cp. WA 30/1, 192; BC 419, 65.
15 BC, 415.
16 Ibid.
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19 To this extent, it must be said that the Reformation continued the main line of Scholastic Pneumatology in stressing the relationship between the Spirit and the Church. Cf. Comblin, José, The Holy Spirit and Liberation (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1989), p. 38Google Scholar; Mühlen, Heribert, ‘Soziale Geisterfahrung als Antworraut eine einseitige Gotteslehre,’ Heitmann, Claus and Mühlen, Heribert (eds), Efahrung und Theologie des Heiligen Geistes, pp. 253–272Google Scholar; Watkins-Jones, Howard, The Holy Spirit in the Mediaeval Church (London: Epworth Press, 1922), pp. 249ffGoogle Scholar. And thus questions must be raised about the typical claim of Reformation theology, articulated for instance by B. B. Warfield, Introduction, in Kuyper, A., The Work of the Holy Spirit (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), pp. xxv–xxxixGoogle Scholar, xxxiii: ‘The developed doctrine of the work of the Holy Spirit is an exclusively Reformation doctrine.’ See, for instance Noesgen, K. F., Geschichte der Lehre vom heiligen Geist (Gütersloh: G. Bertelsmann, 1899), pp. 2f.Google Scholar; Warfield, B. B., Calvin and Calvinism (New York: Macmillan, 1931), pp. 283f.Google Scholar; Doumergue, E., Jean Calvin. Le hommes et les choses de son temps, Bd. IV: La pensée religieuse de Calvin (Lausanne: Bridel, 1910), p. 102.Google Scholar
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